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Incumbent Responses to Armed Groups in Nigeria and Kenya

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Abstract

Under what conditions do incumbents support, tolerate, or try to rein in armed groups within their borders? The paper argues that incumbents strategize toward armed groups in ways that help them manage the ruling coalition and remain in power. I find that incumbents support armed groups in provinces where provincial politicians have defected from the ruling coalition to opposition parties, recruiting armed groups to deliver the province in national elections with fraud and violence and punish elite defectors. Where incumbents are not fighting to keep provinces in the ruling coalition, I show that they tolerate non-dissident groups that enjoy social contracts with local communities, and try to contain their dissident counterparts. Incumbents are likely to repress predatory armed groups, dissident and non-dissident alike. Doing so helps boost elite and mass support for incumbents and project central government power into the province. The argument was inductively built with comparative case studies from Nigeria and then evaluated in Kenya. The findings contribute to an important research agenda on government-armed group relationships and carry implications for security sector aid and reform.

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Notes

  1. The IYC is the NDPVF’s parent organization.

  2. All figures are author’s calculations.

  3. This was separate from a 1999 executive order banning ethnic militias.

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    Megan Turnbull

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Turnbull, M. Incumbent Responses to Armed Groups in Nigeria and Kenya. St Comp Int Dev 59, 56–85 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-023-09414-y

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