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Clinical Correlates of the PET-based Braak Staging Framework in Alzheimer’s Disease

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Abstract

In vivo Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and staging is traditionally based on clinical features. However, the agreement between clinical and pathological Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis, whose diagnosis assessment includes amyloid and Braak histopathological tau staging, is not completely convergent. The development of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting neurofibrillary tangles offers prospects for advancing the staging of Alzheimer’s disease from both biological and clinical perspectives. Recent advances in radiochemistry made it possible to apply the postmortem Braak staging framework to tau-PET images obtained in vivo. Here, our aim is to provide a narrative review of the current literature on the relationship between Alzheimer’s disease clinical features and the PET-based Braak staging framework. Overall, the available studies support the stepwise increase in disease severity following the advance of PET-based Braak stages, with later stages being associated with worse cognitive and clinical symptoms. In line with this, there is a trend for unimpaired cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease dementia to be compatible with early, intermediate, and late patterns of tau deposition based on PET-based Braak stages. Moreover, neuropsychiatric symptom severity seems to be linked to the extent of tau-PET signal across Braak areas. In sum, this framework seems to correspond well with the clinical progression of Alzheimer’s disease, which is an indication of its potential utility in research and clinical practice, especially for detecting preclinical tau levels in individuals without symptoms. However, further research is needed to improve the generalizability of these findings and to better understand the applications of this staging framework.

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Acknowledgement

We thank Macedo et al. (10), as well as the Journal of Nuclear Medicine, for authorizing the adaptation and reproduction of Figure 2.» In this case, we adapted the Figure 1 of the given paper (https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.122.265200), which is published under «Immediate Open Access: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY) allows users to share and adapt with attribution, excluding materials credited to previous publications.

Funding

Funding: The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the preparation of the manuscript; or in the review or approval of the manuscript. This research is supported by the Weston Brain Institute, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (MOP-11-51-31, FRN, 152985, PI:PR-N), the Alzheimer’s Association (NIRG-12- 92090, NIRP-12-259245, PR-N), Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQS; Chercheur Boursier, PR-N and 2020-VICO-279314). P.R-N, SG, and TP are members of the CIHR-CCNA Canadian Consortium of Neurodegeneration in Aging. Canada Foudation for innovation. project 34874. CFI Project 34874 and Colin J. Adair Charitable Foundation.

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  1. These authors contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    A. C. Macedo, C. Tissot, J. Therriault, É. Aumont, S. Servaes, N. Rahmouni, J. Fernandez-Arias, Y.-T. Wang, S. Gauthier & Pedro Rosa-Neto

  2. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    A. C. Macedo, C. Tissot, J. Therriault, S. Servaes, N. Rahmouni, J. Fernandez-Arias, Y.-T. Wang, S. Gauthier & Pedro Rosa-Neto

  3. Montreal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    A. C. Macedo, C. Tissot, J. Therriault, É. Aumont, S. Servaes, N. Rahmouni, J. Fernandez-Arias, Y.-T. Wang & Pedro Rosa-Neto

  4. Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

    D. F. P. A. Durço

  5. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    A. O. Vilela de Faria

  6. Department of Psychology, University of Québec at Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    É. Aumont

  7. Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    F. Z. Lussier & T. A. Pascoal

  8. Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    A. Bieger & E. R. Zimmer

  9. Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    E. R. Zimmer

  10. The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada

    Pedro Rosa-Neto

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  1. A. C. Macedo
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  2. D. F. P. A. Durço
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  16. Pedro Rosa-Neto
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Contributions

Author contributions: Conceptualization and Methodology, ACM and PR-N; Investigation, ACM; Data Curation and Writing - Original Draft Preparation, ACM, DFAD and AOVF; Writing - Review & Editing, ACM, DFAD, AOVF, CT, JT, EA, SS, NR, JFA, Y-TW, AB, ERZ, TAP, SG; Supervision, PR-N.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pedro Rosa-Neto.

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Conflict of interest: ERZ serves on the scientific advisory board of Next Innovative Therapeutics. SG serves as a scientific advisor for Cerveau and Enigma US. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Macedo, A.C., Durço, D.F.P.A., Tissot, C. et al. Clinical Correlates of the PET-based Braak Staging Framework in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 11, 414–421 (2024). https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2024.15

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