Abstract
Background
Historical trauma and cultural loss resulting from colonialism have contributed to educational and health disparities among Pacific youth. Recognizing the protective factors is essential for mitigating disparities and enhancing the overall well-being of these youth.
Objective
This review provides evidence about the current state of youth development among Pacific youth.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review of the literature published between 2010 and 2020, including the fields of education, social, psychological, and medical sciences. We employed qualitative data analysis of 35 peer-reviewed studies.
Results
The majority (69%) of the studies focused on program interventions among 10–19-year-old youth at-risk primarily in New Zealand among Māori (51%) and in the U.S. among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (46%). Health interventions were common in Hawai‘i, while the New Zealand studies focused more on measuring youth resilience. Among the three outcomes identified, health/well-being was the most studied area, followed by social-emotional, and cognitive development. The outcomes suggest mainly positive effects on health and well-being, socio-emotional, and cognitive development related to Pacific youth.
Conclusions
While the last decade has seen a growth of culturally anchored programs, more research is needed to account for wider social, economic, and political dynamics that impact youth development, which was largely unaccounted for in the extant studies. There is a need for broader developmental frameworks that would, first, align with the context and culture of the youth’s community, and second, expand our horizon of the developmental patterns as they occur in diverse sociocultural contexts.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Note: References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the literature review.
*Antonio, M., Chung-Do, J., Goebert, D., Bifulco, K., Alvarez, A., & Antonio, M. (2020). A qualitative evaluation of the impacts of a strength-based and youth-driven approach to suicide prevention in rural and minority communities in Hawai’i. Hawai’i Journal of Health & Social Welfare, 79(5 Suppl 1), 96–100.
*Aparicio, E., Phillips, D., Okimoto, T., Cabral, M., Houser, C., & Anderson, K. (2018). Youth and provider perspectives of Wahine talk: A holistic sexual health and pregnancy prevention program developed with and for homeless youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 93(2018), 467–473.
*Arahanga-Doyle, H., Moradi, S., Brown, K., Neha, T., Hunter, J., & Scarf, D. (2019). Positive youth development in Māori and New Zealand European adolescents through an adventure education programme. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 14(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2018.1508479
Auerbach, R., Bigda-Peyton, J., Eberhart, N., Webb, C., & Ho, M. (2010). Conceptualizing the prospective relationship between social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 478–487.
*Baker, C., Hishinuma, E., Chang, J., & Nixon, D. (2010). The relationship among exposure to stressful life events, drug use, and violence perpetration in a sample of native Hawaiian, Samoan, and Filipino adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334397
Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Hamilton, S. F., & Sesma, A., Jr. (2007). Positive youth development: Theory, research, and applications. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Willey.
*Boden, J., Sanders, J., Munford, R., & Liebenberg, L. (2018). The same but different? Applicability of a general resilience model to understand a population of vulnerable youth. Child Indicators Research, 11(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9422-y
*Boden, J., Sanders, J., Munford, R., Liebenberg, L., & McLeod, G. (2016). Paths to positive development: A model of outcomes in the New Zealand youth transitions study. Child Indicators Research, 9(4), 889–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9341-3
Call, K. T., Riedel, A. A., Hein, K., McLoyd, V., Petersen, A., & Kipke, M. (2002). Adolescent health and well-being in the twenty-first century: A global perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(1), 69–98.
Catalano, R., Berglund, M., Ryan, J., Lonczak, H., & Hawkins, J. (2004). Positive Youth Development in the United States: Research Findings on Evaluations of Positive Youth Development Programs.
Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention & Treatment, 5(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.515a
*Chapman, C., Deane, K., Harré, N., Courtney, M., & Moore, J. (2017). Engagement and mentor support as drivers of social development in the project K youth development program. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(3), 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0640-5
*Chung-Do, J. J., Goebert, D. A., Bifulco, K., Tydingco, T., Alvarez, A., Rehuher, D., Sugimoto-Matsuda, J., Arume, B., & Wilcox, P. (2015). Hawai‘i’s caring communities initiative: Mobilizing rural and ethnic minority communities for youth suicide prevention. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 8(4), 108–123.
Damon, W. (2004). What is positive youth development? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 13–24.
*Deane, K., Harré, N., Moore, J., & Courtney, M. (2017). The impact of the project K youth development program on self-efficacy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(3), 516–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0463-9
*Deane, K., Meissel, K., Moore, J., & Gillham, B. (2018). Positive youth development profiles of cross-age peer mentors. Applied Developmental Science, 22(4), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1295810
Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user friendly guide for social scientists. Routledge.
*Durand, Z., Cook, A., Konishi, M., & Nigg, C. (2016). Alcohol and substance use prevention programs for youth in Hawaii and Pacific Islands: A literature review. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(3), 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2015.1024811
*Dutton, H., Bullen, P., Deane, K., & Dutton, H. (2019). It is OK to let them know you are human too: Mentor self-disclosure in formal youth mentoring relationships. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(4), 943–963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22165
*Dutton, H., Deane, K., & Bullen, P. (2018). Distal and experiential perspectives of relationship quality from mentors, mentees, and program staff in a school-based youth mentoring program. Children and Youth Services Review, 85, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.12.008
Edwards, C., Giroux, D., & Okamoto, S. (2010). A review of the literature on native Hawaiian youth and drug use: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9(3), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2010.500580
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115.
European group for integrated social research (EGRIS). (2001). Misleading trajectories: Transition dilemmas of young adults in Europe. Journal of Youth Studies, 4(1), 101–118.
*Farruggia, S., Bullen, P., & Davidson, J. (2013). Important nonparental adults as an academic resource for youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33(4), 498–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431612450950
*Farruggia, S., Bullen, P., Davidson, J., Dunphy, A., Solomon, F., & Collins, E. (2011). The effectiveness of youth mentoring programs in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 52–70.
Fiaui, P. A., & Hishinuma, E. S. (2009). Samoan adolescents in American Samoa and Hawaii: Comparison of youth violence and youth development indicators: A study by the Asian/Pacific Islander youth violence prevention center. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(6), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.07.003
*Furness, K., Williams, M., Veale, J., & Gardner, D. (2017). Maximising potential: The psychological effects of the youth development programme project K. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 46(1), 14–23.
Hamilton, S. F., Hamilton, M. A., & Pittman, K. (2004). Principles for youth development. In S. F. Hamilton & H. M. A. Hamilton (Eds.), The youth development handbook: Coming of age in American communities (pp. 3–22). Sage.
*Harada, V. (2015). At the core of the commons: A personal reflection. Teacher Librarian, 43(2), 8–11.
*Hayhurst, J., Hunter, J., Kafka, S., & Boyes, M. (2015). Enhancing resilience in youth through a 10-day developmental voyage. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2013.843143
Minority Health (2020). Profile: Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=3&lvlid=65
*Helm, S., Okamoto, S., & Helm, S. (2013). Developing the Ho’ouna Pono substance use prevention curriculum: Collaborating with Hawaiian youth and communities. Hawai’i Journal of Medicine & Public Health: A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, 72(2), 66–69.
Hishinuma, E. S., Chang, S. A., Greaney, M. F., Morris, K. A., Scronce, A. C., Rehuher, D., & Nishimura, S. T. (2009). Hui Mālama O Ke Kai: A positive prevention-based youth development program based on native Hawaiian values and activities. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(8), 987–1007.
*Hollis, H., Deane, K., Moore, J., & Harré, N. (2011). Young Maori perceptions of a youth development programme. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 6(1–2), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2011.615847
Kana’iaupuni, S. M. (2005). Ka’akalai Ku Kanaka: A call for strengths-based approaches from a Native Hawaiian perspective. Educational Researcher, 34(5), 7.
*Kowalski, C. L., & Lankford, S. V. (2010). A comparative study examining constraints to leisure and recreation opportunities for youth living in remote and isolated communities. World Leisure Journal, 52(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2010.9674638
*Kwauk, C. (2016). Let them see a different path: Social attitudes towards sport, education and development in Sāmoa. Sport, Education and Society: Researching Education within Sport for Development, 21(4), 644–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1071250
Larson, R. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.170
Lau, A. S. (2006). Making the case for selective and directed cultural adaptations of evidence-based treatments: Examples from parent training. Clinical Psychology: Research and Practice, 13(4), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00042.x
*Le, T. (2014). Mindfulness-based adventure camp for military youth. Journal of Extension, 52(2), 2FEA5.
*Le, T., & Proulx, J. (2015). Feasibility of mindfulness-based intervention for incarcerated mixed-ethnic native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander youth. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000019
Legha, R. K., & Novins, D. (2012). The role of culture in substance abuse treatment programs for American Indian and Alaska native communities. Psychiatric Services, 63(7), 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100399
Lerner, R., Fisher, C., & Weinberg, R. (2000). Toward a science for and of the people: Promoting civil society through the application of developmental science. Child Development, 71(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00113
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiolog, 62(10), e1–e34.
Mayeda, D., Chesney-Lind, M., & Koo, J. (2001). Talking story with Hawai’i’s youth: Confronting violent and sexualized perceptions of ethnicity and gender. Youth & Society, 33(1), 99–128.
*Mcgrath, B., & Ka’Ili, T. (2010). Creating project Talanoa: A culturally based community health program for US Pacific Islander adolescents. Public Health Nursing, 27(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2009.00822.x
*Mercier, J., Powell, C., Langdon-Pole, G., Finau, D., Hicks, K., Bourchier, L., & Hampton, J. (2019). The five Cs of positive youth development in an Aotearoa/New Zealand program context. Journal of Youth Development, 14(4), 36–58. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.774
Ministry of Youth Development. (2009). An introduction and context for the development of youth policy. https://www.myd.govt.nz/documents/policy-and-research/policy-document-final.pdf
Mohatt, G. V., Hazel, K. L., Allen, J., Stachelrodt, M., Hensel, C., & Fath, R. (2004). Unheard Alaska: Culturally anchored participatory action research on sobriety with Alaska Natives. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(3–4), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:ajcp.0000027011.12346.70
Mokuau, N., & Garlock-Tuiali‘iLee, J. P. (2008). Has social work met its commitment to native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders? A review of the periodical literature. Social Work, 53, 115–121.
Nilsen, W., Karevold, E., Roysamb, E., Gustavson, K., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2013). Social skills and depressive symptoms across adolescence: Social support as a mediator in girls versus boys. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.08.005
Okamoto, S. K. (2010). Academic marginalization? The journalistic response to social work research on Native Hawaiian youth. Social Work, 55, 93–94.
*Okamoto, S., Helm, S., Pel, S., McClain, L., Hill, A., & Hayashida, J. (2014a). Developing empirically based, culturally grounded drug prevention interventions for indigenous youth populations. (Report). The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 41(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-012-9304-0
Okamoto, S. K., Kulis, S., Marsiglia, F. F., Holleran Steiker, L. K., & Dustman, P. (2014b). A continuum of approaches toward developing culturally focused prevention interventions: From adaptation to grounding. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 35(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-013-0334-z
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Riley, L., Suʻesuʻe, A., Hulama, K., Neumann, S. K., & Chung-Do, J. (2022). Ke ala i ka Mauliola: Native Hawaiian youth experiences with historical trauma. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912564
*Roberts, K. D., & Hitchcock, C. H. (2018). Impact of culturally aligned supports on Native Hawaiian High school students’ college attendance: A qualitative perspective. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 42(4), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2017.1284698
*Roberts, K., Takahashi, K., & Park, H. (2018). The impact of project Ho`oku`i participation on native hawaiian high school students’ perceptions of high school and college coursework. The High School Journal, 101(3), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2018.0010
Roth, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2016). Evaluating youth development programs: Progress and promise. Applied Developmental Science: Positive Youth Development Interventions: Advancing Evaluation Theory and Practice, 20(3), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2015.1113879
*Sanders, J., Munford, R., & Boden, J. (2017a). In transition–patterns of development and change among vulnerable young people. Child Indicators Research, 10(3), 761–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9402-2
*Sanders, J., Munford, R., Thimasarn-Anwar, T., & Liebenberg, L. (2017b). Validation of the child and youth resilience measure (CYRM-28) on a sample of at-risk New Zealand Youth. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(7), 827–840. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515614102
*Sanders, J., Munford, R., Thimasarn-Anwar, T., Liebenberg, L., & Ungar, M. (2015). The role of positive youth development practices in building resilience and enhancing wellbeing for at-risk youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 42, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.006
*Scarf, D., Kafka, S., Hayhurst, J., Jang, K., Boyes, M., Thomson, R., & Hunter, J. (2018). Satisfying psychological needs on the high seas: Explaining increases self-esteem following an adventure education programme. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 18(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2017.1385496
Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development and individual differences. Child Development, 63(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03591.x
Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Oberle, E., Lawlor, M. S., Abbott, D., Thomson, K., Oberlander, T. F., & Diamond, A. (2015). Enhancing cognitive and social–emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: A randomized controlled trial. Developmental Psychology, 51(1), 52.
Schunk, D. H., & Meece, J. L. (2006). Self-efficacy development in adolescence. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 71–96). Information Age Publishing.
Small, S., & Memmo, M. (2004). Contemporary models of youth development and problem prevention: Toward an integration of terms, concepts and models. Family Relations, 53(1), 3–11.
*Snyder, F., Acock, A., Vuchinich, S., Beets, M., Washburn, I., & Flay, B. (2013). Preventing negative behaviors among elementary-school students through enhancing students’ social-emotional and character development. American Journal of Health Promotion, 28(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.120419-QUAN-207.2
St. John, S., & Wynd, D. (2008). Left behind: How social & Income inequalities damage New Zealand Children. Child Poverty Action Group Inc.
*Suarez, E., Jackson, D., Slavin, L., Michels, M., Mcgeehan, K., & Suarez, E. (2014). Project Kealahou: Improving Hawai’i’s system of care for at-risk girls and young women through gender-responsive, trauma-informed care. Hawai’i Journal of Medicine & Public Health: A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, 73(12), 387–392.
Trinidad, A. M. O. (2009). Toward kuleana (responsibility): A case study of a contextually grounded intervention for Native Hawaiian youth and young adults. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(6), 488–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.07.008
Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across Cultures. British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl343
Varga, S. M., & Zaff, J. F. (2018). Webs of support: An integrative framework of relationships, social networks, and social support for positive youth development. Adolescent Research Review, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-017-0076-x
Whitbeck, L. B., Chen, X., Hoyt, D. R., & Adams, G. W. (2004). Discrimination, historical loss and enculturation: Culturally specific risk and resiliency factors for alcohol abuse among American Indians. Journal of the Study of Alcohol, 65, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2004.65.409
Windle, G., Bennett, K., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 1–18.
Withy, K. M., Lee, W., & Renger, R. F. (2007). A practical framework for evaluating a culturally tailored adolescent substance abuse treatment programme in Molokai. Hawaii. Ethnicity & Health, 12(5), 483–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557850701616920
*Yeh, C. J., Borrero, N. E., Lusheck, C., Plascencia, L., Kiliona, K., Mase, M., Suesue, T., Jr., & Tito, P. (2015). Fostering social support, leadership competence, community engagement, and resilience among Samoan American Youth. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038545
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Children, Youth and Families at Risk (CYFAR) Grant [Grant Number 2019-41520-30101].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Eng, S., Sustarsic, M., Ooki, N. et al. Youth Development in the Pacific: A Decade in Review. Child Youth Care Forum (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-023-09790-5
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-023-09790-5