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Isolated and combined effects of cobalt and nickel on the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata

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Abstract

Aquatic organisms are exposed to several compounds that occur in mixtures in the environment. Thus, it is important to investigate their impacts on organisms because these combined effects can be potentiated. Cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) are metals that occur in the environment and are used in human activities. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that investigated the combined effects of these metals on a freshwater Chlorophyceae. Therefore, this study analyzed the isolated and combined effects of Co and Ni in cell density, physiological and morphological parameters, reactive oxygen species (ROS), carbohydrates and photosynthetic parameters of the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Data showed that Co affected the cell density from 0.25 mg Co L−1; the fluorescence of chlorophyll a (Chl a) (0.10 mg Co L−1); ROS production (0.50 mg Co L−1), total carbohydrates and efficiency of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) at all tested concentrations; and the maximum quantum yield (ΦM) from 0.50 mg Co L−1. Ni exposure decreased ROS and cell density (0.35 mg Ni L−1); altered Chl a fluorescence and carbohydrates at all tested concentrations; and did not alter photosynthetic parameters. Regarding the Co-Ni mixtures, our data best fitted the concentration addition (CA) model and dose-ratio dependent (DR) deviation in which synergism was observed at low doses of Co and high doses of Ni and antagonism occurred at high doses of Co and low doses of Ni. The combined metals affected ROS production, carbohydrates, ΦM, OEC and morphological and physiological parameters.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded in part by the São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (2013/07296-2, 2018/07988-5), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - FINEP, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico - CNPq (Process no. 141086/2019-0 and 316064/2021-1), and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES (finance code 001, Process no. 88887.364036/2019-00). R.C.G. and C.B.A. have a post-doctoral grant from the São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (2021/13583-0 and 2021/13607-7). We would also like to thank Dr. Hugo Sarmento and Dr. Ana Teresa Lombardi for the permission to use their laboratories, as well as the equipment.

Author contributions

LLdosR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft. CBdeA: Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Writing - Review & Editing. RCG: Validation, Formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing. GSR: Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Writing - Review & Editing. EL: Resources and Funding acquisition, Writing - Review & Editing. AdaSM: Validation, Formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing. MdaGGM: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing - Review & Editing, Funding acquisition.

Funding

This work was funded in part by the São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (2013/07296-2, 2018/07988-5), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - FINEP, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico - CNPq (Process no. 141086/2019-0 and 316064/2021-1), and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES (finance code 001, Process no. 88887.364036/2019-00). R.C.G. and C.B.A. have a post-doctoral grant from the São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (2021/13583-0 and 2021/13607-7).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

    Larissa Luiza dos Reis, Adrislaine da Silva Mansano & Maria da Graça Gama Melão

  2. Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

    Larissa Luiza dos Reis, Adrislaine da Silva Mansano & Maria da Graça Gama Melão

  3. Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

    Cínthia Bruno de Abreu, Renan Castelhano Gebara & Elson Longo

  4. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Química, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain

    Giseli Swerts Rocha

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  1. Larissa Luiza dos Reis
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Correspondence to Larissa Luiza dos Reis.

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dos Reis, L.L., de Abreu, C.B., Gebara, R.C. et al. Isolated and combined effects of cobalt and nickel on the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Ecotoxicology 33, 104–118 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02728-0

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