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Bisphenol A Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Apoptosis-Related Gene Expression in Pacific Red Snapper Lutjanus peru Leukocytes

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Abstract

Bisphenol A is one of the most used components of the polycarbonate plastic industry in the word. This contaminant has disrupting effect in cells in in vitro and in vivo in fish. This study evaluated for the first time the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by bisphenol A (BPA) in head-kidney and spleen leukocytes isolated from Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru. Head-kidney and spleen leukocytes were exposed to 100, 1000 and 10,000 µg/mL of BPA at 2 and 24 h. Results showed cytotoxicity of BPA at 1000 and 10,000 µg/mL. Cell viability > 80% was observed in leukocytes exposed to 100 µg/mL for 2 h; thus, this concentration was selected for the remainder of the study. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, analyzed by DCF-DA and NBT assays, significantly increased in those leukocytes exposed to BPA compared to controls after 2 or 24 h. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increased in head-kidney leukocytes after 24 h of BPA exposure. Apoptosis was inferred from caspase (casp-1 and casp-3), granzyme A (granz-A) and perforin 1 (perf-1) gene expression, which was significantly up-regulated, at 2 h BPA exposure in head-kidney leukocytes, and from granz-A and perf-1, which were up-regulated, after 24 h BPA exposure in spleen leukocytes. Short cytoplasmic prolongations and membrane blebs, suggestive of apoptosis, were observed by scanning electron microscopy. These data suggest that BPA at 100 µg/mL induces cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis in Pacific red snapper head-kidney and spleen leukocytes.

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No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

The commercial farm Earth Ocean Farms S.R.L.C.V., BCS, Mexico, kindly donated healthy juvenile Lutajus peru for this study. Tania Zenteno is member of the CYTED network RIESCOS (ref. 419RT0578). All samples were collected in accordance with international ethics guidelines and the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Authors acknowledge Veronica Sanchez and Alicia Esquivel for technical support and for their assistance in lab during this study, as well as Daniela Nuñez Garcia from CIBNOR for providing editorial comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23090, México

    Martha Reyes-Becerril & Tania Zenteno-Savin

  2. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C., Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

    Martha Reyes-Becerril & Tania Zenteno-Savin

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  1. Martha Reyes-Becerril
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Contributions

Martha Reyes-Becerril: contributed to the study conception and design. Martha Reyes Becerril conducted the experiment and material preparation. Martha Reyes-Becerril: sample collection and analysis. Martha Reyes-Becerril and Tania Zenteno Savin wrote the manuscript's first draft and commented on previous versions. Martha Reyes-Becerril and Tania Zenteno read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Martha Reyes-Becerril.

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The use and management of animals were conducted following the national (NOM-062-ZOO-1999 and NOM − 008-ZOO-1994) and the international bioethical protocols.

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Highlights

• Bisphenol A is a hazardous pollutant for seawater.

• BPA cause high cytotoxicity at 1000 and 10,000 µg/mL in marine fish leukocytes.

• BPA at 100 µg/mL cause cell viability >80% after 2h.

• ROS production is highly induced by BPA (100 µg/mL) in leukocytes.

• BPA at 100 µg/mL up-regulated apoptosis-related genes after 2 h in leukocytes.

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Reyes-Becerril, M., Zenteno-Savin, T. Bisphenol A Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Apoptosis-Related Gene Expression in Pacific Red Snapper Lutjanus peru Leukocytes. Mar Biotechnol 26, 136–148 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-024-10284-1

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