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Scheelite texture and geochemistry as a recorder of nature and timing of metallogenesis: an example from the Zhaishang Au–Sb–W deposit, western Qinling, central China

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Abstract

Scheelite, one kind of common REE-rich and U-bearing hydrothermal mineral, is extensively developed in various types of gold deposits, which can be used to record nature and timing of metallogenesis. The Zhaishang Carlin-like gold deposit in the Qinling Orogen is a giant Au deposit, hosting 127t of Au @ 2.67 g/t with economic concentrations of tungsten and antimony. The study reports two types of scheelite based on the characteristics of petrography and geochemistry. Sch A shows significant oscillatory zoning with dark gray cathodoluminescence (CL) response, whereas Sch B displays patchy textures with brighter CL response. Systematic LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of Sch A and Sch B yields ages of 227.1 ± 3.2 Ma and 226.2 ± 6.9 Ma, respectively. The new dates, constraining the Zhaishang Au–W mineralization to ~ 227Ma, coincide well with the western Qinling magmatism, metallogenic and tectonic events. There are significant variations in concentration, the Sch A has low REE content (mean = 41.3 ppm), negative Eu-anomaly with slightly positive Ce-anomaly, whereas Sch B, with small negative or positive Eu-anomaly, has higher REE content (mean = 247 ppm) and higher positive Ce-anomaly. The positive correlation of EuN and EuN* records oxidizing condition during the whole W mineralization event. Additionally, Sch B intergrown with selenides with an increase in the Ce-anomaly supports that the latter has higher oxygen fugacity environment. The Sr isotope signature for scheelite supports that ore-forming metals mostly inherited the host rock component, while the proportion of magma-derived Sr increased in the Sch B. Fluid–rock interactions co-precipitated Au and W caused by the release of Fe and Ca cations and the increase of pH. The study highlights that scheelite as a recorder can help in deciphering the nature and timing of metallogenesis of the studied Au–Sb–W deposit, and thus other similar Au–W deposits.

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Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by the Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92062219), by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41730426, 41030423), the 111 Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (BP0719021), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (Grant 2652018164), and MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences. We are indebted to Engineers Weijun Zheng, Yanfu Liao, Zengtao Wang, Manhong Dang, Fusheng Li and other colleagues of the Xi’an Center of Mineral Resources Survey, China Geological Survey (former No. 5 Gold Geological Party of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force) for their enthusiastic help with the field work. This manuscript has also benefited from the comments and critical reviews from Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology three anonymous reviewers. Executive Editor Dante Canil and Associate Editor Daniela Rubatto have also handled the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Guoming Weng, Jiajun Liu, Degao Zhai, Jianping Wang, Bin Zhang, Fangfang Zhang & Yinhong Wang

  2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China

    Guoming Weng, Jiajun Liu, Degao Zhai, Jianping Wang, Bin Zhang, Fangfang Zhang & Yinhong Wang

  3. Geology Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    Emmanuel John M. Carranza

  4. Geological Sciences, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Emmanuel John M. Carranza

  5. Yanduzhongshi Geological Analysis Laboratories Ltd, Beijing, 100083, China

    Huan Wang

  6. China Geological Survey, Xi’an Center of Mineral Resources Survey, Xi’an 710100, China

    Dongxiang Jiang & Biao Sun

Authors
  1. Guoming Weng
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  2. Jiajun Liu
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Contributions

GW: conceptualization, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft. JL: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, supervision, project administration. EJMC: writing—original draft. DZ: methodology, validation, visualization. JW: methodology, validation. HW: methodology, validation. BZ: investigation,visualization. FZ: investigation, visualization. YW: validation, visualization. DJ: resources. BS: resources.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jiajun Liu.

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Weng, G., Liu, J., Carranza, E.J.M. et al. Scheelite texture and geochemistry as a recorder of nature and timing of metallogenesis: an example from the Zhaishang Au–Sb–W deposit, western Qinling, central China. Contrib Mineral Petrol 179, 14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-023-02090-0

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