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Ikaite versus seep-related carbonate precipitation in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of West Spitsbergen: evidence for cold versus warm climates?

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Abstract

Glendonites and seep-related carbonate bodies from the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary interval of West Spitsbergen were studied using mineralogical, isotopic, and geochemical methods. The stratigraphic distribution of seep-related carbonate bodies and glendonites (pseudomorphs after ikaite, Ca(CO3)·6H2O) reveals that although they can be occasionally found close to each other, their formation differs through time. Seep carbonates are found in the Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, Volgian, and Ryazanian deposits, while glendonites appear in the Valanginian–Hauterivian and Middle Aptian–Lower Albian deposits of West Spitsbergen. Furthermore, numerous appearances of seep carbonates correlate with warming and shelf dysoxic–anoxic events in the Arctic, while glendonite occurrences correlate with cooling events. The δ13C values obtained for seep-related carbonates and glendonite samples reflect mixed sources including thermogenic and biogenic methane, oil fractions, decomposing organic matter, and dissolved inorganic carbon. We assume the precipitation of seep carbonates was caused by methanogenesis and anaerobic oxidation of organic matter promoting dense communities of benthic organisms and carbonate precipitation in warm climatic condition. At the end of the Ryazanian, shallowing of the basin coupled with climate cooling led to decrease in methanogenesis and anaerobic decomposition of methane and organic matter. Locally, in areas of anaerobic organic matter oxidation under low bottom temperatures, ikaite crystallized.

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Data availability

Supplementary data to this article can be found online via link https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10124638 or from KV k.vasilyeva@spbu.ru.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Resource Centre of X-ray diffraction studies of Saint-Petersburg State University for providing instrumental and computational resources. Mineralogical studies were supported by the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation No. NSh-1462.2022.1.5 (for OV). Stratigraphic studies were supported by RSF grant no. 21-17-00245 (https://rscf.ru/project/21-17-00245/, for MR, KM. and VE). The authors thank Nikolay Zverkov (Geological Institute of RAS, Moscow) for preparation and photographing of figured bivalve specimens. We warmly thank our Norwegian colleagues (S. Olaussen, J. Hurum, and J. Holmlund) for their help during the field works. We are very grateful to Ulrich Riller, Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Earth Sciences, and to both reviewers, Bo P. Schultz and anonymous person, who contributed significantly to improve the quality of the manuscript. Special thanks to Dr. James Barnet for English language editing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, Dekabristov Lane 16, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199155

    K. Vasileva, V. Ershova, K. Mikhailova & O. Vereshchagin

  2. Geological Institute of RAS, Pyzhevski Lane 7, Moscow, Russia, 119017

    M. Rogov, V. Ershova, K. Mikhailova & B. Pokrovsky

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  1. K. Vasileva
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  2. M. Rogov
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Correspondence to K. Vasileva.

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Vasileva, K., Rogov, M., Ershova, V. et al. Ikaite versus seep-related carbonate precipitation in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of West Spitsbergen: evidence for cold versus warm climates?. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 113, 417–439 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02380-9

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