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Small-scale pottery production and distribution in the southern confines of the Inca Empire: an archaeometric insight to define the Provincial style

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Abstract

This paper proposes an archaeometric contribution to the study of the Inca pottery style from the southeastern frontier of Tawantinsuyu, also known as the Inca Empire, located in Central Western Argentina (CWA). In complementing previous research, a geochemical and mineralogical characterisation of ceramics from various Inca and local sites is carried out by combining X-ray fluorescence analysis (WD-XRF), powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX). The exhaustive statistical treatment and discussion of the chemical data, complemented by mineralogical and microstructural data gathered through PXRD and SEM-EDX techniques, provide significant insights into the provenance of raw materials, paste recipes, firing conditions, estimated firing temperature and post-depositional contaminations. A complex structure comprising six meaningful ceramic groups has been identified, with some of them attributed to hypothetical provenance areas defined by previous research. Additionally, many ceramics remained ungrouped. Despite the identified compositional variability, certain technological attributes exhibit a higher degree of homogeneity. The estimated firing temperature and microstructure of the pottery denote some control over firing conditions to produce vessels with high mechanical strength and toughness suitable for storage and short-distance distribution. The results of both compositional and technological analyses point to the existence of multiple production loci within a domestic or communitarian model of production sharing the same pottery tradition.

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Data Availability

Raw data and materials are available at the INCIHUSA-CONICET laboratory (Avda. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque Gral. San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Rca. Argentina). WD-XRF and PXRD raw data presented in this study are openly available in the CORA.RDR, Research Data Repository (https://dataverse.csuc.cat/) (Buxeda i Garrigós et al., 2023)https://doi.org/10.34810/data791.

Code Availability

The R code for Fig. 3 (variation matrix and compositional evenness graph), 5 (principal components and linear discriminant analysis) and 7A (ternary diagram) has been developed by one of us (JBG) and can be found freely available at https://github.com/jbuxeda/ARQUB.git.

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Acknowledgements

XRF and XRD analyses and SEM-EDX observations were conducted at the Centres Científics i Tecnològics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB). J. Roberto Bárcena provided access to ceramics from Uspallata Valley. Nuria Sugrañes provided photos for Fig. 2. We thank two anonymous reviewers for the insightful issues raised that have contributed to improving the paper.

Funding

The present paper was funded by Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONCYT, Argentina, PICT2011-0575 and PICT 2017-3169) and by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (research project: ‘Tecnolonial–Technological impact in the colonial New World, Cultural change in pottery: archaeology and archaeometry’, PID2020-117769GB-I00 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Spain). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Secretaría de Ciencia, Técnica y Posgrado de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (SECTyP-UNCu) (Argentina), external fellowships were granted to the first author to collaborate with the Cultura Material i Arqueometria UB (ARQUB, GRACPE) research group.

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  1. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Instituto de Arqueología y Etnología, Mendoza, Argentina

    M. J. Ots & P. A. Cahiza

  2. Cultura Material i Arqueometria UB (ARQUB, GRACPE), Departament d’Història i Arqueologia/Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    J. Buxeda i Garrigós & M. Madrid i Fernández

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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. MJO and PC performed material preparation, data collection and analysis. JBG and MMF carried out methodology, data processing and interpretation. JBG, MM and MJO wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and commented on previous versions of the manuscript.

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Ots, M.J., Buxeda i Garrigós, J., Madrid i Fernández, M. et al. Small-scale pottery production and distribution in the southern confines of the Inca Empire: an archaeometric insight to define the Provincial style. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 16, 37 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01934-5

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