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Potential reductions in fine particulate matter and premature mortality following implementation of air pollution controls on coal-fired power plants in India

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Abstract

Coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) account for > 70% of electricity generation in India, but < 5% of facilities have installed technologies for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) removal. Emissions of these pollutants lead to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and an increased risk of premature mortality for exposed populations. Here, we use a nested version of the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model (0.5° × 0.625° resolution) for India to estimate reductions in PM2.5 concentrations that could have been achieved by implementing existing emission control technologies like flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) and/or selective catalytic reduction (SCR). We quantify the associated burden of disease using the integrated exposure response (IER) and global exposure mortality model (GEMM) functions and compare the costs of premature mortality to those for FGD installation. Model simulations for 2010 suggest installation of FGD would have reduced mean annual PM2.5 concentrations across India by 8%, compared to 3% with SCR installation, and 11% with both FGD and SCR. A 7–28% reduction in PM2.5 was simulated for local communities closest to CFPPs (same model grid cell), leading to up to 17% reduction in annual premature mortality. Overall, more than 0.21–0.48 million premature deaths would have been avoided over a 10-year period if FGD had been implemented on all CFPPs, compared to 0.09–0.21 million with SCR and 0.22–0.72 million with both FGD and SCR. Benefits associated with such actions are approximately $18.1–$604 billion USD per year, which is equivalent to ~ 0.44 to 10% of India’s GDP. These results suggest that monetary benefits from avoided premature mortality far outweigh the capital and operational costs of FGD and/or SCR installation of $19.5 billion and/or $32.8 billion per year, respectively. This information is essential because the high costs of installation and operation are often given as reasons for delaying installation and commissioning. We conclude that policy actions to control air pollution from CFPPs are economically justifiable.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the study are available in the Supporting Information (SI).

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Financial support for this work was provided by a grant from the Harvard Global Institute (HGI) to EMS and AQ.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India

    Pritanjali Shende & Asif Qureshi

  2. Energy Systems and Infrastructure Analysis Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA

    Zifeng Lu

  3. Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

    Elsie M. Sunderland

  4. Department of Climate Change, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India

    Asif Qureshi

Authors
  1. Pritanjali Shende
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  2. Zifeng Lu
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  3. Elsie M. Sunderland
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  4. Asif Qureshi
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Contributions

All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. AQ and EMS initiated the study and wrote and edited the manuscript. Data for the simulation was provided by ZL. PS conceptualized the plan, performed simulations, visualized the data, and wrote and edited the manuscript. The first draft of manuscript was written by PS, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Asif Qureshi.

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Supplementary information

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11869_2024_1503_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 323 KB) Supporting information file includes description of emissions norms in India and further details of the model implemented in this work. The supporting information includes six tables and two figures.

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Shende, P., Lu, Z., Sunderland, E.M. et al. Potential reductions in fine particulate matter and premature mortality following implementation of air pollution controls on coal-fired power plants in India. Air Qual Atmos Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01503-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01503-8

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