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Associations Between Subtypes of Empathy and Aggression in High-Risk Adolescents

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Abstract

Aggression in youth is a transdiagnostic indicator and associated with a variety of serious, maladaptive outcomes. Theoretically, aggression is linked to individual differences in empathy (i.e., the capacity to understand, resonate with, and experience others’ emotions); yet the empirical research is mixed. To clarify this literature, this pre-registered study examined unique associations between subtypes of empathy (cognitive, affective, somatic, positive, and negative) and aggression (reactive, proactive) among a diverse sample of high-risk adolescents (N = 103; Mage=16.1 years, 53% female; 60% racial/ethnic minoritized groups). Empathy was assessed via youth-report at baseline and aggression was assessed at baseline and 9-month follow-up across multiple informants (youth-, parent-, and teacher). Associations were examined simultaneously while controlling for theoretically relevant covariates (age, sex, minoritized status, receipt of public assistance) and emotional reactivity. Somatic empathy was the most consistent predictor of aggression. Specifically, youth reporting higher somatic empathy had lower levels of youth- and teacher-reported reactive and proactive aggression at baseline and 9-month follow-up. Additionally, youth who endorsed higher affective empathy also reported more reactive aggression at baseline and at follow-up after accounting for individual differences in emotional reactivity. Results highlight the importance of considering subtypes of both empathy and aggression when examining risk and resilience pathways and point to the potential role of somatic empathy as a protective factor. Taken together, findings enhance our understanding of etiological mechanisms for aggression and suggest that interventions that encourage youth to upregulate their emotional sensitivity or interoceptive awareness may reduce aggression.

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Notes

  1. At the time of initial recruitment, these participants were between the ages of 11–13 years (Mage = 12.03 years, S.D. = 0.92 years; 47% female; 60% racial/ethnic minority). These youth had elevated scores on the PAI-AI (M = 13.05, S.D. = 2.90; scores > 11 indicating clinical significance; Morey, 2007) and were receiving psychiatric treatment for a mood or behavior problem. For additional information about this sample see Byrd et al., 2022a, b.

  2. Participants with teacher data did not differ from those without any teacher data on age, minority status, or family public assistance. Children with missing teacher data (n = 20) were more likely to be female (t = 2.45, p = 0.02) and from the clinical sample (t = -2.40, p = 0.02).

  3. Participants completing both assessments (n = 98) were compared to those with missing 9-month follow-up data (n = 5) on all demographic covariates (age, sex, minority status, receipt of public assistance, and group). Participants with complete data did not differ from those who only completed the baseline assessment, with the exception of group (i.e., all participants lost to follow-up were from the clinical sample (t = -7.34, p < 0.001).

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all the families who took part in this study, and to the MoodY BRAINN study team, which includes research assistants, data managers, graduate and undergraduate students, and volunteers.

Funding

This study was supported by grants awarded to Dr. Amy Byrd from the National Institute on Mental Health (K01 MH119216). The Andrew W. Mellon Predoctoral Fellowship awarded to Isabella Kahhale from the University of Pittsburgh also supported this work.

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  1. Department of Psychology), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Isabella Kahhale & Jamie L. Hanson

  2. Department of Psychology), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Adrian Raine

  3. Department of Psychiatry), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Amy L. Byrd

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  1. Isabella Kahhale
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  2. Jamie L. Hanson
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All authors contributed to the study conception. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Isabella Kahhale and Dr. Amy L. Byrd. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Isabella Kahhale and Dr. Amy L. Byrd and all authors commented on subsequent versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Amy L. Byrd.

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Kahhale, I., Hanson, J.L., Raine, A. et al. Associations Between Subtypes of Empathy and Aggression in High-Risk Adolescents. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 46, 62–75 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10112-1

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