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Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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Abstract

According to the data from the World Health Organization, about 800 million of the world population had contracted coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 by mid-2023. Properties of this virus have allowed it to circulate in the human population for a long time, evolving defense mechanisms against the host immune system. Severity of the disease depends largely on the degree of activation of the systemic immune response, including overstimulation of macrophages and monocytes, cytokine production, and triggering of adaptive T- and B-cell responses, while SARS-CoV-2 evades the immune system actions. In this review, we discuss immune responses triggered in response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into the cell and malfunctions of the immune system that lead to the development of severe disease.

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Abbreviations

ACE2:

angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

APC:

antigen-presenting immune cells

EPR:

endoplasmic reticulum

IFN:

interferon

MHC:

major histocompatibility complex

SARS-CoV-2:

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

CRS:

cytokine release syndrome

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Acknowledgments

This work was done within the framework of the Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030) of Kazan Federal University.

Funding

The work was financially supported by the subsidy allocated to the Kazan Federal University to fulfill the state task in the field of scientific activity (project no. FZSM-2023-0011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia

    Aida G. Gabdoulkhakova, Rimma N. Mingaleeva, Albina M. Romozanova, Aisylu R. Sagdeeva, Yulia V. Filina, Albert A. Rizvanov & Regina R. Miftakhova

  2. Kazan State Medical Academy – Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 420012, Kazan, Russia

    Aida G. Gabdoulkhakova

  3. Division of Medical and Biological Sciences, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 420111, Kazan, Russia

    Albert A. Rizvanov

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  1. Aida G. Gabdoulkhakova
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A.G.G., R.R.M., and A.A.R. conceptualization and structure of work; manuscript editing; R.N.M., A.M.R., A.R.S., Yu.V.F., and A.G.G. literature analysis, manuscript writing; preparation of illustrations.

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Correspondence to Aida G. Gabdoulkhakova.

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Gabdoulkhakova, A.G., Mingaleeva, R.N., Romozanova, A.M. et al. Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biochemistry Moscow 89, 65–83 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297924010048

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