Abstract
Cell migration is largely determined by the type of protrusions formed by the cell. Mesenchymal migration is accomplished by formation of lamellipodia and/or filopodia, while amoeboid migration is based on bleb formation. Changing of migrational conditions can lead to alteration in the character of cell movement. For example, inhibition of the Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization by the CK-666 inhibitor leads to transition from mesenchymal to amoeboid motility mode. Ability of the cells to switch from one type of motility to another is called migratory plasticity. Cellular mechanisms regulating migratory plasticity are poorly understood. One of the factors determining the possibility of migratory plasticity may be the presence and/or organization of vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs). To investigate whether organization of the VIF network affects the ability of fibroblasts to form membrane blebs, we used rat embryo fibroblasts REF52 with normal VIF organization, fibroblasts with vimentin knockout (REF–/–), and fibroblasts with mutation inhibiting assembly of the full-length VIFs (REF117). Blebs formation was induced by treatment of cells with CK-666. Vimentin knockout did not lead to statistically significant increase in the number of cells with blebs. The fibroblasts with short fragments of vimentin demonstrate the significant increase in number of cells forming blebs both spontaneously and in the presence of CK-666. Disruption of the VIF organization did not lead to the significant changes in the microtubules network or the level of myosin light chain phosphorylation, but caused significant reduction in the focal contact system. The most pronounced and statistically significant decrease in both size and number of focal adhesions were observed in the REF117 cells. We believe that regulation of the membrane blebbing by VIFs is mediated by their effect on the focal adhesion system. Analysis of migration of fibroblasts with different organization of VIFs in a three-dimensional collagen gel showed that organization of VIFs determines the type of cell protrusions, which, in turn, determines the character of cell movement. A novel role of VIFs as a regulator of membrane blebbing, essential for manifestation of the migratory plasticity, is shown.
Abbreviations
- FC:
-
focal contact
- FCS:
-
fetal calf serum
- MLC:
-
myosin light chain
- pMLC:
-
phosphorylated form of myosin light chain
- VIFs:
-
vimentin intermediate filaments
References
Petrie, R. J., and Yamada, K. M. (2012) At the leading edge of three-dimensional cell migration, J. Cell Sci., 125, 5917-5926, https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.093732.
Pollard, T. D., and Borisy, G. G. (2003) Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments, Cell, 112, 453-465, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00120-x.
Charras, G. T., Hu, C. K., Coughlin, M., and Mitchison, T. J. (2006) Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs, J. Cell Biol., 175, 477-490, https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200602085.
Charras, G. T., Coughlin, M., Mitchison, T. J., and Mahadevan, L. (2008) Life and times of a cellular bleb, Biophys. J., 94, 1836-1853, https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.113605.
Chikina, A. S., Svitkina, T. M., and Alexandrova, A. Y. (2019) Time-resolved ultrastructure of the cortical actin cytoskeleton in dynamic membrane blebs, J. Cell Biol., 218, 445-454, https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201806075.
Laster, S. M., and Mackenzie, J. M. (1996) Bleb formation and F-actin distribution during mitosis and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis, Microsc. Res. Tech., 34, 272-280, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19960615)34:3<272::AID-JEMT10>3.0.CO;2-J.
Charras, G., and Paluch, E. (2008) Blebs lead the way: how to migrate without lamellipodia, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 9, 730-736, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2453.
Fackler, O. T., and Grosse, R. (2008) Cell motility through plasma membrane blebbing, J. Cell Biol., 181, 879-884, https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200802081.
Paluch, E. K., and Raz, E. (2013) The role and regulation of blebs in cell migration, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 25, 582-590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2013.05.005.
Taddei, M. L., Giannoni, E., Morandi, A., Ippolito, L., Ramazzotti, M., et al. (2014) Mesenchymal to amoeboid transition is associated with stem-like features of melanoma cells, Cell Commun. Signal., 12, 24, https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-12-24.
Friedl, P., and Alexander, S. (2011) Cancer invasion and the microenvironment: plasticity and reciprocity, Cell, 147, 992-1009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.016.
Friedl, P., and Wolf, K. (2010) Plasticity of cell migration: a multiscale tuning model, J. Cell Biol., 188, 11-19, https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200909003.
Balzer, E. M., Tong, Z., Paul, C. D., Hung, W. C., Stroka, K. M., et al. (2012) Physical confinement alters tumor cell adhesion and migration phenotypes, FASEB J., 26, 4045-4056, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-211441.
Holle, A. W., Govindan Kutty Devi, N., Clar, K., Fan, A., Saif, T., et al. (2019) Cancer cells invade confined microchannels via a self-directed mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition, Nano Lett., 10, 2280-2290, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04720.
Paul, C., Mistriotis, P., and Konstantopoulos, K. (2017) Cancer cell motility: lessons from migration in confined spaces, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 17, 131-140, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.123.
Liu, Y. J., Le Berre, M., Lautenschlaeger, F., Maiuri, P., Callan-Jones, A., et al. (2015) Confinement and low adhesion induce fast amoeboid migration of slow mesenchymal cells, Cell, 160, 659-672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.007.
Paluch, E., Piel, M., Prost, J., Bornens, M., and Sykes, C. (2005) Cortical actomyosin breakage triggers shape oscillations in cells and cell fragments, Biophys. J., 89, 724-733, https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.105.060590.
Diz-Munoz, A., Krieg, M., Bergert, M., Ibarlucea-Benitez, I., Muller, D. J., et al. (2010) Control of directed cell migration in vivo by membrane-to cortex attachment, PLoS Biol., 8, e1000544, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000544.
Chikina, A. S., Rubtsova, S. N., Lomakina, M. E., Potashnikova, D. M., Vorobjev, I. A., and Alexandrova, A. Y. (2019) Transition from mesenchymal to bleb-based motility is predominantly exhibited by CD133-positive subpopulation of fibrosarcoma cells, Biol. Cell, 111, 245-261, https://doi.org/10.1111/boc.201800078.
Seetharaman, S., and Etienne-Manneville, S. (2020) Cytoskeletal crosstalk in cell migration, Trends Cell Biol., 30, 720-735, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.004.
Kaverina, I., and Straube, A. (2011) Regulation of cell migration by dynamic microtubules, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 22, 968-974, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.017.
Garcin, C., and Straube, A. (2019) Microtubules in cell migration, Essays Biochem., 63, 509-520, https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20190016.
Vakhrusheva, A., Endzhievskaya, S., Zhuikov, V., Nekrasova, T., Parshina, E., et al. (2019) The role of vimentin in directional migration of rat fibroblasts, Cytoskeleton (Hoboken), 76, 467-476, https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.21572.
Sivagurunathan, S., Vahabikashi, A., Yang, H., Zhang, J., Vazquez, K., et al. (2022) Expression of vimentin alters cell mechanics, cell-cell adhesion, and gene expression profiles suggesting the induction of a hybrid EMT in human mammary epithelial cells, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10, 929495, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.929495.
Leube, R. E., Moch, M., and Windoffer, R. (2015) Intermediate filaments and the regulation of focal adhesion, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 32, 13-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.09.011.
Zeisberg, M., and Neilson, E. G. (2009) Biomarkers for epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, J. Clin. Invest., 119, 1429-1437, https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI36183.
Mendez, M. G., Kojima, S.-I., and Goldman, R. D. (2010) Vimentin induces changes in cell shape, motility, and adhesion during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, FASEB J., 24, 1838-1851, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-151639.
Gregor, M., Osmanagic-Myers, S., Burgstaller, G., Wolfram, M., Fischer, I., et al. (2014) Mechanosensing through focal adhesion-anchored intermediate filaments, FASEB J., 28, 715-729, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.13-231829.
Schoumacher, M., Goldman, R. D., Louvard, D., and Vignjevic, D. M. (2010) Actin, microtubules, and vimentin intermediate filaments cooperate for elongation of invadopodia, J. Cell Biol., 189, 541-556, https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200909113.
Lahat, G., Zhu, Q. S., Huang, K. L., Wang, S. Z., Bolshakov, S., et al. (2010) Vimentin is a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target; insights from in vitro and in vivo micexenograft studies, PLoS One, 5, e1010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214006.
Strouhalova, K., Přechová, M., Gandalovičová, A., Brábek, J., Gregor, M., and Rosel, D. (2020) Vimentin intermediate filaments as potential target for cancer treatment, Cancers, 12, 184, https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010184.
Bergert, M., Erzberger, A., Desai, R. A., Aspalter, I. M., Oates, A. C., et al. (2015) Force transmission during adhesion-independent migration, Nat. Cell Biol., 17, 524-529, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3134.
Lavenus, S. B., Tudor, S. M., Ullo, M. F., Vosatka, K. W., and Logue, J. S. (2020) A flexible network of vimentin intermediate filaments promotes migration of amoeboid cancer cells through confined environments, J. Biol. Chem., 295, 6700-6709, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.011537.
Adams, G. Jr., López, M. P., Cartagena-Rivera, A. X., and Waterman, C. M. (2021) Survey of cancer cell anatomy in nonadhesive confinement reveals a role for filamin-A and fascin-1 in leader bleb-based migration, Mol. Biol. Cell, 32, 1772-1791, https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E21-04-0174.
Robert, A., Hookway, C., and Gelfand, V. I. (2016) Intermediate filament dynamics: What we can see now and why it matters, Bioessays, 3, 232-243, https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201500142.
Mücke, N., Wedig, T., Bürer, A., Marekov, L. N., Steinert, P. M., et al. (2004) Molecular and biophysical characterization of assembly-starter units of human vimentin, J. Mol. Biol., 340, 97-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.04.039.
Terriac, E., Coceano, G., Mavajian, Z., Hageman, T., Christ, A., et al. (2017) Vimentin levels and serine 71 phosphorylation in the control of cell-matrix adhesions, migration speed, and shape of transformed human fibroblasts, Cell, 6, 2, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells6010002.
Herrmann, H., and Aebi, U. (2016) Intermediate filaments: structure and assembly, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 8, a018242, https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a018242.
Beckham, Y., Vasquez, R. J., Stricker, J., Sayegh, K., Campillo, C., et al. (2014) Arp2/3 inhibition induces amoeboid-like protrusions in MCF10A epithelial cells by reduced cytoskeletal-membrane coupling and focal adhesion assembly, PLoS One, 9, e100943, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100943.
Meier, M., Padilla, G. P., Herrmann, H., Wedig, T., Hergt, M., et al. (2009) Vimentin coil 1A-A molecular switch involved in the initiation of filament elongation, J. Mol. Biol., 390, 245-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.067.
Pletjushkina, O. J., Rajfur, Z., Pomorski, P., Oliver, T. N., Vasiliev, J. M., et al. (2001) Induction of cortical oscillations in spreading cells by depolymerization of microtubules, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 48, 235-244, https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.1012.
Kanthou, C., and Tozer, G. M. (2002) The tumor vascular targeting agent combretastatin A-4-phosphate induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and early membrane blebbing in human endothelial cells, Blood, 99, 2060-2069, https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.6.2060.
Charras, G. T., Yarrow, J. C., Horton, M. A., Mahadevan, L., and Mitchison, T. J. (2005) Non-equilibration of hydrostatic pressure in blebbing cells, Nature, 435, 365-369, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03550.
Bershadsky, A. D., Tint, I. S., and Svitkina, T. M. (1987) Association of intermediate filaments with vinculin-containing adhesion plaques of fibroblasts, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 8, 274-283, https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.970080308.
Petrie, R. J., Gavara, N., Chadwick, R. S., and Yamada, K. M. (2012) Nonpolarized signaling reveals two distinct modes of 3D cell migration, J. Cell Biol., 197, 439-455, https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201201124.
Helfand, B. T., Mendez, M. G., Murthy, S. N., Shumaker, D. K., Grin, B., et al. (2011) Vimentin organization modulates the formation of lamellipodia, Mol. Biol. Cell, 22, 1274-1289, https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E10-08-0699.
Nobes, C. D., and Hall, A. (1995) Rho, rac, and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia, Cell, 81, 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90370-4.
Lowery, J., Kuczmarski, E. R., Herrmann, H., and Goldman, R. D. (2015) Intermediate filaments play a pivotal role in regulating cell architecture and function, J. Biol. Chem., 290, 17145-17153, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R115.640359.
Liu, C. Y., Lin, H. H., Tang, M. J., and Wang, Y. K. (2015) Vimentin contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition cancer cell mechanics by mediating cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesion maturation, Oncotarget, 6, 15966-15983, https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.3862.
Venu, A. P., Modi, M., Aryal, U., Tcarenkova, E., Jiu, Y., et al. (2022) Vimentin supports directional cell migration by controlling focal adhesions, bioRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.02.510295.
Bergert, M., Chandradoss, S. D., Desai, R. A., and Paluch, E. (2012) Cell mechanics control rapid transitions between blebs and lamellipodia during migration, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 14434-14439, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207968109.
Yasuda-Yamahara, M., Rogg, M., Frimmel, J., Trachte, P., Helmstaedter, M., et al. (2018) FERMT2 links cortical actin structures, plasma membrane tension and focal adhesion function to stabilize podocyte morphology, Matrix Biol., 68-69, 263-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.003.
Petrie, R. J., Harlin, H. M., Korsak, L. I., and Yamada, K. M. (2017) Activating the nuclear piston mechanism of 3D migration in tumor cells, J. Cell Biol., 216, 93-100, https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201605097.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 22-15-00347.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
A.Yu.A. concept and supervision of the study; A.O.Zh., N.S.P., E.A.K., and M.E.L. conducting experiments; A.O.Zh. and M.E.L. writhing text of the paper, A.O.Zh., M.E.L., and A.Yu.A. editing text of the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
This work does not contain any studies involving human and animal subjects. The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note. Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zholudeva, A.O., Potapov, N.S., Kozlova, E.A. et al. Impairment of Assembly of the Vimentin Intermediate Filaments Leads to Suppression of Formation and Maturation of Focal Contacts and Alteration of the Type of Cellular Protrusions. Biochemistry Moscow 89, 184–195 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297924010127
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297924010127