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Efficient photodegradation of phenol in wastewater using ZnAl–Bi photocatalysts analysing the effect of Bi content on ZnAl LDH synthesized in one step

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Abstract

The layered double hydroxide (LDH) zinc–aluminum (ZA) catalysts with different percentages of bismuth (6, 8, 10 and 12.5%) were synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method at pH 10. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Furthermore, the influence of bismuth content on the catalysts was evaluated in the photodegradation of phenol, studying its impact. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of hydrotalcite in the ZA solid, and the hydrotalcite phase was predominant in the catalysts with different bismuth content. The solid with 10% bismuth (ZABt-10) exhibited the highest capacity for phenol degradation, achieving a degradation of 97.31% and mineralization of 83.30% using these materials without activation or calcination processes. The photocatalytic mechanism involved in the photodegradation of phenol on the ZABt-10 material occurs via •O2−, h+ and •OOH contributing 38, 34 and 25%, respectively, resulting in a 97% degradation of the phenol molecule. Furthermore, this material completely degrades the intermediate products (hydroquinone, benzoquinone and catechol).

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Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SECTEI) of Mexico City for the contribution of a scholarship for a postdoctoral stay at the Universitat de Barcelona for the development of this manuscript. The authors want to thank CONACYT for financial support granted through the project ‘Desarrollo de innovaciones tecnológicas para una agricultura mexicana libre de Agroinsumos tóxicos’ # 316022, SIP-IPN # 20212069. We thank CONACyT for financial support granted through the project A1-S-41124 ‘Estudio de parámetros modulantes de la selectividad en materiales fotocatalíticamente activos’, FOSEC-SEP 2017–2018.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    J C Castillo-Rodríguez, P Marco & C Sans-Mazón

  2. Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico

    C Tzompantzi-Flores, F Tzompantzi-Morales, D M Sarabia-Ruedas & M E Velásquez-Torres

  3. Instituto de Estudios de la Energía, Universidad del Istmo, 70760, Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico

    F Morales-Anzures & P Salinas-Hernández

  4. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, C.P. 52750, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Mexico

    R Pérez-Hernández

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  1. J C Castillo-Rodríguez
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  2. C Tzompantzi-Flores
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  3. P Marco
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  4. F Morales-Anzures
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  6. R Pérez-Hernández
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  7. P Salinas-Hernández
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  8. D M Sarabia-Ruedas
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  9. M E Velásquez-Torres
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Correspondence to J C Castillo-Rodríguez.

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Castillo-Rodríguez, J.C., Tzompantzi-Flores, C., Marco, P. et al. Efficient photodegradation of phenol in wastewater using ZnAl–Bi photocatalysts analysing the effect of Bi content on ZnAl LDH synthesized in one step. Bull Mater Sci 47, 35 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-023-03085-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-023-03085-0

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