Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of papaya peel extract (PPE) supplementation on the growth and immunophysiological responses of rohu fingerlings at different stocking densities. In this study, three isonitrogenous (307.2–309.8 g kg−1 protein) and isocaloric diets (16.10–16.16 MJ digestible energy kg−1) were prepared using three different inclusion levels (0, 5, and 10 g kg−1) of PPE. Four hundred and five rohu fingerlings (mean weight: 4.24 g ± 0.12) were randomly distributed into nine treatment groups in triplicates viz. low (10nos 75 L−1 or ≈ 0.565 kg/m3), medium (15nos 75 L−1 or ≈ 0.848 kg/m3), and high (20nos 75 L−1 or ≈ 1.13 kg/m3) following a completely randomized design. The study found that increasing stocking density negatively affected fish growth indices, such as weight gain percentage (WG%), feed efficiency ratio (FER), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival. In contrast, dietary PPE supplementation improved growth indices and survival (p < 0.05). We also observed that aminotransferase, lactate (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity increased with stocking density, whereas 5 and 10 g kg−1 PPE supplementation reduced LDH and MDH activity (p < 0.05). PPE supplementation positively affected serum indices, decreased glucose levels, and increased respiratory burst activity (p < 0.05). Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression was highest in the low- and medium-stocking density groups fed with 5 g kg−1 PPE, which also increased total immunoglobulin and myeloperoxidase activity while decreasing malondialdehyde concentration (p < 0.05). The results revealed that 5 g kg−1 dietary PPE supplementation could be used as a growth promoter and immunostimulant to improve immuno-physiological responses at low and medium stocking densities.
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The authors express their sincere appreciation to the Director of the ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for the full support and cooperation provided during the conduct of this research.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The project administration and overall supervision were carried out by (Narottam P.Sahu). Master’s Research work and manuscript writing were carried out by (Atshaya Sundararajan). Papaya peel ethanolic extraction and feed preparation were undertaken with the assistance of (Vasanthakumaran) and (Naveen S. Krishnamenan). Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by (Manish Jayant) and (Parimal Sardar). The first draft of the manuscript was written by (Atshaya Sundararajan) and (Manish Jayant). Data curation; software assistance; manuscript writing, and editing were performed by (Soumyodeep Bhattacharya) and (Naseemashahul Shamna). Sampling, gene expression analysis assistance and manuscript editing were executed by (Manojkumar Chandraprakasham) and (Sangeetha Sankar). All the authors commented on and mutually approved the final versions of the manuscript.
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Sundararajan, A., Sahu, N.P., Shamna, N. et al. Dietary papaya peel extract ameliorates the crowding stress, enhances growth and immunity in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish Physiol Biochem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-024-01317-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-024-01317-6