Abstract
The association between PM2.5 and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality from a gender perspective is scarce in the literature, despite the fifth sustainable development goal (SDG 5) related to gender equality. This study aims to assess whether gender analysis in the association of PM2.5 on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality shows a different impact on women than men around diverse regions of the world. We conducted a scoping review of the Web of Science database citations for epidemiological studies published between June 2020 and October 2021. The articles that met our inclusion criteria were grouped into three categories based on gender-induced effects to compare the registered risks between men and women. Of 956 articles identified, 36 published were eligible. The regions with the most gender analysis studies were Asia (n = 15), North America (n = 15), and Europe (n = 6). Irrespective of the gender-induced effect category, 7 articles reported a higher risk for women than men, and 14 declared the contrary. The magnitude of the impact of PM2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in women is unclear. Differences in covariates, methods of analysis, and regional characteristics of each country could influence the results. All studies lacked indoor PM2.5 measurements, which may bias mortality estimates for the female population. The use of indoor PM2.5 measurements would more accurately reflect the air quality that women and girls typically breathe.
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Acknowledgements
The authors also want to acknowledge Pablo Ruiz-Rudolph for his suggestions for this study.
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This research is funded by Research Project Semilla Universidad Diego Portales “Air Quality, Climate Change and Female Mortality in Santiago de Chile” (2020–2021), which provides financial support for this research.
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K.V. conceived the original idea of the study. K.V, D.A-Z, LC, and J.V. wrote the manuscript. D.A-Z designed the figures. K.V, D.A-Z, LC, and J.V. edited the tables and supplemental material. K.V. supervised the editing of the manuscript.
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Véliz, K.D., Alcantara-Zapata, D.E., Chomalí, L. et al. Gender-differentiated impact of PM2.5 exposure on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality: a review. Air Qual Atmos Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01525-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01525-2