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Baryonic properties of nearby galaxies across the stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation

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Abstract

In the standard cosmological model, the assembly of galaxies is primarily driven by the growth of their host dark matter halos. At the centre of these halos, however, baryonic processes take over, leading to the plethora of observed galaxy properties. The coupling between baryonic and dark matter physics is central to our understanding of galaxies, and yet, it remains a challenge for theoretical models and observations. Here, we demonstrate that measured ages, metallicities, stellar angular momentum, morphology and star formation rates are correlated with both stellar and halo mass. We find using dynamical modelling that at fixed stellar mass, CALIFA galaxies are younger, more metal-poor and rotationally supported and have higher star formation rates and later-type morphologies as their total mass increases, due to the independent measurements of the stellar and total masses. These results indicate that the formation of galaxies and, thus, their baryonic properties do not vary with stellar mass alone, with halo mass also playing an important role.

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Fig. 1: Stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation for CALIFA galaxies in terms of their stellar population properties.
Fig. 2: Stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation for CALIFA galaxies in terms of different baryonic properties.

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Data availability

Ancillary data on the galaxy properties used in this study are available. Stellar masses, SFRs, apparent angular momentum and the morphological classification can be found in Table B.1 of ref. 65, and the stellar population properties can be found in ref. 61 and can be downloaded at https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/581/A103. The total dynamical masses used in this study will be published in a forthcoming paper (Lyubenova et al., manuscript in preparation), although they can be provided upon reasonable request by contacting mlyubeno@eso.org. The group and cluster catalogue from ref. 30 is available at https://gax.sjtu.edu.cn/data/Group.html. The EAGLE database76 is public and available at https://icc.dur.ac.uk/Eagle/database.php.

Code availability

We obtain the total dynamical masses of the galaxies by fitting axisymmetric dynamical models to their stellar kinematic maps. Our dynamical models and codes used for their determination are described in detail in a forthcoming paper (Lyubenova et al., manuscript in preparation).

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Acknowledgements

L.S.-D. thanks S. Faber, J. Primack, D. Koo, J. Woo, D. Hellinger, M. Huertas-Company, F. Hasan and J. Schaye for their insightful discussions. L.S.-D., I.M.-N. and J.F.-B. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Grant Nos. PID2019-107427GB-C32 and PID2022-140869NB-I00) and through the project TRACES from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, which is partially supported through the state budget and the regional budget of the Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community. I.M.-N. also acknowledges support from Proyectos de I+D por organismos de investigación y empresas en las áreas prioritarias de la estrategia de especialización inteligente de Canarias (RIS-3 and FEDER Canarias 2014–2020; Grant No. ProID2021010080). G.v.d.V. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 724857; Consolidator Grant ArcheoDyn). This research made use of Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for astronomy54,55, and of the Numpy56, Scipy57, Matplotlib58, Emcee59 and Pandas60 libraries.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain

    Laura Scholz-Díaz, Ignacio Martín-Navarro & Jesús Falcón-Barroso

  2. Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

    Laura Scholz-Díaz, Ignacio Martín-Navarro & Jesús Falcón-Barroso

  3. European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany

    Mariya Lyubenova

  4. Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Glenn van de Ven

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  1. Laura Scholz-Díaz
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Contributions

L.S.-D. analysed the data and wrote the paper. L.S.-D., I.M.-N. and J.F.-B. conceived and designed the project. M.L. performed the dynamical modelling and provided the dynamical mass measurements. G.v.d.V. was involved in the dynamical modelling. All authors interpreted and discussed the results and commented on the paper.

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Correspondence to Laura Scholz-Díaz.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Spectral fit from central region within NGC7549.

Spectral fit of the central region from NGC7549. The upper panel shows the galaxy spectrum in black, the best-fit model (stars and gas) in red, and the best-fit model of the gas in green. The residuals of the fit are shown in the bottom panel in blue.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Comparison between total and halo masses.

Total dynamical masses vs. halo masses. We show the residuals of the \(\log {{{{\rm{M}}}}}_{{{{\rm{h}}}}}-\log {{{{\rm{M}}}}}_{\star }\) vs. \(\log {{{{\rm{M}}}}}_{{{{\rm{tot}}}}}-\log {{{{\rm{M}}}}}_{\star }\) relations, that is, δMh vs. δMtot. CALIFA (EAGLE) galaxies are shown with blue (grey) stars (circles). The solid lines correspond to the best-fitting relations and the dashed lines to the fit uncertainties for CALIFA and EAGLE, which are shown in orange and green, respectively. We also show the Spearman rank correlation coefficients. See the Methods for the details on the total and halo mass estimates.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Halo mass and the stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation.

Analogous to the left panel of Fig. 1, but in this case we show the halo mass scale in the upper horizontal axis. Halo masses are estimated using the linear fit to the correlation we found between our total dynamical masses and the halo masses from the group and cluster catalog from ref. 30 (\({M}_{h(Yang+07)}=+1.480\times {M}_{tot(3{R}_{e})}-4.092\)) (based on the subsample in common). The black dashed line corresponds to the equivalence of eq. 21 from ref. 77 in this plane.

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Scholz-Díaz, L., Martín-Navarro, I., Falcón-Barroso, J. et al. Baryonic properties of nearby galaxies across the stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation. Nat Astron (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02209-8

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