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Textile dyes as a source of groundwater contamination in Mandalay, Myanmar

Les teintures textiles, une source de contamination des eaux souterraines à Mandalay, Myanmar

Las tinturas textiles como fuente de contaminación de las aguas subterráneas en Mandalay (Myanmar)

缅甸曼德勒的纺织染料地下水污染源

Corantes têxteis como fonte de contaminação de águas subterrâneas em Mandalay, Mianmar

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Abstract

Textile dyeing and weaving of traditional longyi garments have traditionally occurred in the Amarapura township of Mandalay, Myanmar, since 1822, transitioning from natural to chemical dyes in the early 1900s. With no current wastewater treatment facilities in Mandalay, dye effluents mix with other wastewaters in unlined canals dug near people’s homes and discharge into the local canals and groundwater. Because locals rely heavily on dug and tube wells for drinking, bathing, and cooking, this industry poses a major health hazard to the people in this region. The objective of this study was to identify the previously unknown composition of the textile dyes, as well as identify and quantify the concentrations of major ions and heavy metals found in dye effluents, and determine their impact on the local groundwater resources. Powdered dye samples from each stage of the dyeing process were characterized by the combination of heavy metals used to create these color dyes. Groundwater and surface water were also sampled. Results of analysis of the dye and water samples indicated that most of the heavy metals discharge into the groundwater environment. Textile dyeing is a major source of pollution and a health hazard to the residents of Amarapura township; however, the locals are not readily connecting dye practices to the issues with their drinking water. This study provides information on groundwater composition near dyeing industries in Amarapura township that may help inform further monitoring strategies and communicate the health risks of exposure to heavy metals for local people.

Résumé

La teinture et le tissage des vêtements traditionnels longyi se pratiquent selon la coutume dans la municipalité d’Amarapura à Mandalay, au Myanmar, depuis 1822, passant des teintures naturelles aux teintures chimiques au début des années 1900. En l’absence d’installations de traitement des eaux usées à Mandalay, les effluents de teinture se mélangent aux autres eaux usées dans des canaux non revêtus creusés près des habitations et se déversent dans les canaux de quartier et les eaux souterraines. Comme les gens de la région dépendent fortement des puits creusés ou tubés pour la boisson, la toilette et la cuisine, cette industrie représente un risque majeur pour la santé de la population de la région. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’identifier la composition, inconnue auparavant, des teintures textiles, et aussi d’identifier et de quantifier les concentrations en ions majeurs et métaux lourds détectés dans les effluents de teinture et de déterminer leur impact sur les ressources en eaux souterraines locales. Des échantillons pulvérulents de colorant provenant de chaque étape du processus de teinture ont été caractérisés en considérant la gamme des métaux lourds utilisés pour fabriquer ces colorants. Les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface ont été échantillonnées elles aussi. Les résultats des analyses des échantillons de teinture et d’eau indiquent que la plus grande partie des métaux lourds se déverse dans le milieu souterrain. La teinture textile est une source majeure de pollution et un risque sanitaire pour les habitants de la municipalité d’Amarapura; cependant, les habitants ne font pas facilement le lien entre les pratiques de teinture et les problèmes de dégradation de la qualité de l’eau potable. Cette étude fournit des informations sur la composition des eaux souterraines à proximité des industries textiles sur le territoire de la municipalité d’Amarapura, qui peuvent aider à élaborer de nouvelles stratégies de surveillance et à communiquer sur les risques sanitaires d’une exposition aux métaux lourds pour la population locale.

Resumen

En el municipio de Amarapura, en Mandalay (Myanmar), se tiñen y tejen las prendas tradicionales longyi desde 1822, y a principios del siglo XX se pasó de los tintes naturales a los químicos. Al no existir instalaciones de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Mandalay, los efluentes de los tintes se mezclan con otras aguas residuales en canales sin revestimiento excavados cerca de los hogares y se vierten en los canales locales y en las aguas subterráneas. Dado que la población local depende en gran medida de pozos excavados y entubados para beber, bañarse y cocinar, esta industria supone un grave peligro para la salud de los habitantes de esta región. El objetivo de este estudio era identificar la composición, hasta ahora desconocida, de los tintes textiles, así como identificar y cuantificar las concentraciones de los principales iones y metales pesados presentes en los efluentes de los tintes, y determinar su impacto en los recursos hídricos subterráneos locales. Las muestras de tintes en polvo de cada etapa del proceso de teñido se caracterizaron por la combinación de metales pesados utilizados para crear estos tintes de color. También se tomaron muestras de aguas subterráneas y superficiales. Los resultados de los análisis de las muestras de tinte y de agua indicaron que la mayoría de los metales pesados se vierten en el medio subterráneo. El teñido textil es una fuente importante de contaminación y un peligro para la salud de los habitantes del municipio de Amarapura; sin embargo, los lugareños no relacionan fácilmente las prácticas de teñido con los problemas de su agua potable. Este estudio proporciona información sobre la composición de las aguas subterráneas cerca de las industrias de teñido en el municipio de Amarapura que puede ayudar a informar sobre futuras estrategias de control y a comunicar los riesgos para la salud de la población local de la exposición a metales pesados.

摘要

自1822年以来, 缅甸曼德勒的Amarapura镇一直是传统长裙服装的纺织染色和织造中心, 从自然染料过渡到20世纪初的化学染料。由于曼德勒目前没有废水处理设施, 染料废水与其他废水混合进入居民附近挖的未衬砌的沟渠, 并排入当地的河渠和地下水中。由于当地居民在饮水、沐浴和烹饪方面主要依赖于挖井和管井, 这个产业对该地区的居民构成了重大健康威胁。本研究的目标是识别纺织染料的先前未知成分, 以及识别和定量测定染料废水中的主要离子和重金属浓度, 并确定它们对当地地下水资源的影响。来自染色过程各阶段的染料样品通过使用这些彩色染料的重金属组合进行表征。还对地下水和地表水进行了取样。对染料和水样品的分析结果表明, 大多数重金属排放到地下水环境中。纺织染料是Amarapura镇污染的主要来源, 对当地居民构成了健康威胁; 然而, 当地居民并未认识到染色实践与他们的饮用水问题的关系。这项研究提供了有关Amarapura镇染色产业附近地下水组成的信息, 这有助于制定进一步的监测策略, 并传达暴露于重金属对当地居民的健康风险。

Resumo

O tingimento têxtil e a tecelagem de roupas longyi tradicionais ocorrem tradicionalmente no município de Amarapura, em Mandalay, Mianmar, desde 1822, passando de corantes naturais para corantes químicos no início do século XX. Sem instalações de tratamento de águas residuais em Mandalay, os efluentes corantes misturam-se com outras águas residuais em canais não revestidos escavados perto das casas das pessoas e descarregam nos canais locais e nas águas subterrâneas. Como os habitantes locais dependem fortemente de poços escavados e tubulares para beber, tomar banho e cozinhar, esta indústria representa um grande perigo para a saúde das pessoas desta região. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a composição até então desconhecida dos corantes têxteis, bem como identificar e quantificar as concentrações dos íons principais e metais pesados encontrados nos efluentes dos corantes, e determinar seu impacto nos recursos hídricos subterrâneos locais. Amostras de corantes em pó de cada etapa do processo de tingimento foram caracterizadas pela combinação de metais pesados usados para criar esses corantes coloridos. Águas subterrâneas e superficiais também foram amostradas. Os resultados da análise das amostras de corante e água indicaram que a maior parte dos metais pesados é descarregada no ambiente das águas subterrâneas. O tingimento de têxteis é uma importante fonte de poluição e um perigo para a saúde dos residentes do município de Amarapura; no entanto, os habitantes locais não associam prontamente as práticas de tingimento aos problemas da água potável. Este estudo fornece informações sobre a composição das águas subterrâneas perto das indústrias de tingimento no município de Amarapura que podem ajudar a informar estratégias de monitoramento adicionais e a comunicar os riscos para a saúde da exposição a metais pesados para a população local.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. Anna Buczynska and Josh Schwartz at Northern Illinois University and Dr. Heather Watson at Union College for their assistance with laboratory analyses; Moe Myint Kyaw for his assistance in field sampling and translation in Myanmar; Dr. Tin Aung Mint for assistance and translation in Myanmar; Michael Grzybowski for his assistance with background research; and Stan Zaworski at First Environmental Laboratories (Lisle, Illinois, USA) for heavy metal analyses. This research is based on the MSc thesis by Surya Freeman at Northern Illinois University (2019). The authors would also like to acknowledge Associate Editor Brindha Karthikeyan and two anonymous reviewers.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Groundwater Association Research and Education Foundations Developing Nations Fund and the Geological Society of America Graduate Student Diversity Grant and Research Grant.

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Correspondence to Melissa E. Lenczewski.

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Freeman, S.M., Oo, C.W., Lenczewski, M.E. et al. Textile dyes as a source of groundwater contamination in Mandalay, Myanmar. Hydrogeol J (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02775-1

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