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Solution-driven bioinspired design: Themes of latch-mediated spring-actuated systems

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Abstract

Our ability to measure and image biology at small scales has been transformative for developing a new generation of insect-scale robots. Because of their presence in almost all environments known to humans, insects have inspired many small-scale flying, swimming, crawling, and jumping robots. This inspiration has affected all aspects of the robots’ design, ranging from gait specification, materials properties, and mechanism design to sensing, actuation, control, and collective behavior schemes. This article highlights how insects have inspired a new class of small and ultrafast robots and mechanisms. These new robots can circumvent motors’ force-velocity tradeoffs and achieve high-acceleration jumping, launching, and striking through latch-mediated spring-actuated (LaMSA) movement strategies. In the article, we apply a solution-driven bioinspired design framework to highlight the process for developing LaMSA-inspired robots and systems, starting with understanding the key biological themes, abstracting them to solution-neutral principles, and implementing such principles into engineered systems. Throughout the article, we emphasize the roles of modeling, fabrication, materials, and integration in developing bioinspired LaMSA systems and identify critical future enablers such as integrative design approaches.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support from the National Science Foundation (CAREER Award No. 2219644). This work was also partially supported by the Presidential Fellowship from Carnegie Mellon University. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated by the US Department of Energy. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) under Contract No. DE-NA0003525. This written work is authored by an employee of NTESS. The employee, not NTESS, owns the right, title, and interest in and to the written work and is responsible for its contents. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the written work do not necessarily represent the views of the US Government. The publisher acknowledges that the US Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this written work or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to the results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan.

Funding

T.M. and A.W. were partially supported by the National Science Foundation CAREER Award No. 2219644. S.B. and L.V. were partially supported by the Presidential Fellowship from Carnegie Mellon University. O.B. performed this work, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated by the US Department of Energy. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) under Contract No. DE-NA0003525.

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Author notes

  1. T. Mathur, L. Viornery, and O. Bolmin contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA

    Teagan Mathur & Aimy Wissa

  2. Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA

    Luis Viornery & Sarah Bergbreiter

  3. Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA

    Ophelia Bolmin

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All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. T.M. and L.V. wrote, edited, and reviewed the paper and created figures. O.B. wrote sections in the paper, created the table, and edited and reviewed the paper. S.B. and A.W. conceived and designed the paper outline, provided funding, and edited and reviewed the paper.

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Correspondence to Aimy Wissa.

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Mathur, T., Viornery, L., Bolmin, O. et al. Solution-driven bioinspired design: Themes of latch-mediated spring-actuated systems. MRS Bulletin 49, 136–147 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00664-2

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