Abstract
Iron ores and iron bloom slags from two iron archaeological sites (Chilgeumdong: 300–600 AD, Wanori: ∼20th century) as well as iron ores from six iron deposits in Chungju, South Korea, were examined to assess the provenance of the raw iron ores. Different ore mineralogy proves to be a useful tool in interpreting the ore provenance of samples from the iron archaeological sites, although limited by the simplicity of the assemblage. The application of Ca + Al + Mn vs. Ti + V diagram for classifying the genetic type of magnetite suggests that the iron ores of the iron archaeological sites may have originated from multiple deposits. Comparing the chondrite-normalized REE patterns and the correlation between Lan and Cen in iron ores and iron bloom slags aids in determining the provenance of samples from the iron archaeological sites. Despite notable deviations, the use of Pb-Sr isotope ratios as a means of identifying the origin of unprocessed iron ores proves to be a meaningful approach. Based on our findings, it appears that the iron ores discovered at archaeological sites were typically sourced from nearby iron deposits like Changdong, Yeonsudong, Daekyo, and possibly Manjeong. This preference for local sources as opposed to more distant ones, such as Obok and Yusang, seems to have remained a constant throughout various historical epochs, spanning from the Baekjae to the Joseon period. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrated interpretation of various complementary approaches, including ore petrography, trace and rare earth element geochemistry, and Pb-Sr isotope analysis, in determining the provenance of raw iron ores excavated from iron archaeological sites.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balassone, G., Boni, M., Di Maio, G., and Villa, I.M., 2009, Characterization of metallic artefacts from the iron age culture in Campania (Italy): a multi-analytical study. Periodico di Mineralogia, 78, 45–63. https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.38578
Benvenuti, M., Dini, A., D’orazio, M., Chiarantini, L., Corretti, A., and Costagliola, P., 2013, The tungsten and tin signature of iron ores from Elba Island (Italy): a tool for provenance studies of iron production in the Mediterranean region. Archaeometry, 55, 479–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00692.x
Bérard, E., Pécheyran, C., Dillmann, P., Leroy, S., Vega, E., Williams, A., Verna, C., and Toureille, V., 2020, Ancient armour provenance by LA-ICP-MS analysis of microscopic slag inclusions. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 35, 2582–2593. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0JA00259C
Blakelock, E., Martinón-Torres, M., Veldhuijzen, H.A., and Young, T., 2009, Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 1745–1757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.032
Brauns, M., Schwab, R., Gassmann, G., Wieland, G., and Pernicka, E., 2013, Provenance of Iron Age iron in southern Germany: a new approach. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, 841–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.044
Charlton, M.F., Blakelock, E., Martinón-Torres, M., and Young, T., 2012, Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 2280–2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.037
Cheong, C.S. and Chang, H.W, 1997, Sr, Nd and Pb isotope systematics of granitic rocks in the central Ogcheon Belt, Korea. Geochemical Journal, 31, 17–36. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.31.17
Cheong, C.S., Kim, N., Yi, K., Jo, H.J., Jeong, Y.J., Kim, Y., Koh, S.M., and Iizuka, T., 2015, Recurrent rare earth element mineralization in the northwestern Okcheon Metamorphic Belt, Korea: SHRIMP U-Th-Pb geochronology, Nd isotope geochemistry, and tectonic implications. Ore Geology Reviews, 71, 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.05.012
Cheong, C.S., Kwon, S.T., and Park, K.H., 2000, Pb and Nd isotopic constraints on Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the northeastern Yeongnam massif, South Korea. Precambrian Research, 102, 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00066-8
Cho, H.K., Cho, N.C., and Kang, D.I., 2013, Scientific analysis of slags and furnace wall collected from iron production site at Suryong-ri Wonmorongi in Chungju. Journal of Conservation Science, 29, 139–147. (In Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2013.29.2.05
Chombong, N.N., Suh, C.E., Lehmann, B., Vishiti, A., Ilouga, D.C., Shemang, E.M., Tantoh, B.S., and Kedia, A.C., 2017, Host rock geochemistry, texture and chemical composition of magnetite in iron ore in the Neoarchaean Nyong unit in southern Cameroon. Applied Earth Science, 126, 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/03717453.2017.1345507
Choi, D.K., Chough, S.K., Kwon, Y.K., Lee, S.B., Woo, J., Kang, I., Lee, H.S., Lee, S.M., Sohn, J.W., and Shinn, Y.J., 2004, Taebaek Group (Cambrian–Ordovician) in the Seokgaejae section, Taebaeksan Basin: a refined lower Paleozoic stratigraphy in Korea. Geosciences Journal, 8, 125–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02910190
Choi, D.K., Woo, J., and Park, T.Y., 2012, The Okcheon Supergroup in the lake Chungju area, Korea: Neoproterozoic volcanic and glaciogenic sedimentary successions in a rift basin. Geosciences Journal, 16, 229–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-012-0031-6
Chough, S.K., 2013, Geology and Sedimentology of the Korean Peninsula (1st edition). Elsevier, London, UK, 363 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-0-02847-5
Chough, S.K., Kwon, S.T., Ree, J.H., and Choi, D., 2000, Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Korean peninsula: a review and new view. Earth-Science Reviews, 52, 175–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00029-5
Cluzel, D., Jolivet, L., and Cadet, J.P., 1991, Early middle Paleozoic intraplate orogeny in the Ogcheon belt (South Korea): a new insight on the Paleozoic buildup of East Asia. Tectonics, 10, 1130–1151. https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC00866
Coustures, M.P., Beziat, D., and Tollon, F., 2003, The use of trace element analysis of entrapped slag inclusions to establish ore-bar iron links: examples from two Gallo-Roman iron-making sites in France (Les Martys, Montagne Noire, and Les Ferrys, Loiret). Archaeometry, 45, 599–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-4754.2003.00131.x
Crowley, B.E., Miller, J.H., and Bataille, C.P., 2017, Strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) in terrestrial ecological and palaeoecological research: empirical efforts and recent advances in continental-scale models. Biological Reviews, 92, 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12217
Dare, S.A., Barnes, S.J., and Beaudoin, G., 2012, Variation in trace element content of magnetite crystallized from a fractionating sulfide liquid, Sudbury, Canada: implications for provenance discrimination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 88, 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.032
Dare, S.A., Barnes, S.J., Beaudoin, G., Meric, J., Boutroy, E., and Potvin-Doucet, C., 2014, Trace elements in magnetite as petrogenetic indicators. Mineralium Deposita, 49, 785–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0529-0
Degryse, P., Schneider, J., Kellens, N., Waelkens, M., and Muchez, P.H., 2007, Tracing the resources of iron working at ancient Sagalassos (south-west Turkey): a combined lead and strontium isotope study on iron artefacts and ores. Archaeometry, 49, 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00288.x
Devos, W., Senn-Luder, M., Moor, C., and Salter, C., 2000, Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for spatially resolved trace analysis of early-medieval archaeological iron finds. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 366, 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160051588
Do, E.C., 2014, An experimental investigation into iron smelting characteristics of the iron production site of Baekjae in the Jungwon area. Prehistory and Ancient History, 42, 131–167.
Dupuis, C. and Beaudoin, G., 2011, Discriminant diagrams for iron oxide trace element fingerprinting of mineral deposit types. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0334-y
Elderfield, H. and Greaves, M.J., 1982, The rare earth elements in sea-water. Nature, 296, 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/296214a0
Gale, N.H., Bachmann, H.G., Rothenberg, B., Stos-Gale, Z.A., and Tylecote, R.F., 1990, The adventitious production of iron in the smelting of copper. In: Rothenberg, B. and Bachmann, H.G. (eds.), The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper: Archaeology-Experiment-Theory. The Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, London, UK, p. 182–191. https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/285
Gale, N.H. and Stos-Gale, Z., 1982, Bronze age copper sources in the Mediterranean: a new approach. Science, 216, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4541.11
Grupe, G., Price, T.D., Schröter, P., Söllner, F., Johnson, C.M., and Beard, B.L., 1997, Mobility of bell beaker people revealed by strontium isotope ratios of tooth and bone: a study of southern Bavarian skeletal remains. Applied Geochemistry, 12, 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00030-9
Hagos, M., Koeberl, C., and Jourdan, F., 2016, Geochemistry and geochronology of phonolitic and trachytic source rocks of the Axum Obelisks and other stone artifacts, Axum, Ethiopia. Geoheritage, 9, 479–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-016-0199-7
Hall, A.J., 1986, Pyrite-pyrrhotine redox reactions in nature. Mineralogical Magazine, 50, 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1986.050.356.05
Han, J.S., 2018, Research status and assignment on Baekje iron manufacturing process. Baekjehakbo, 25, 31–62. (In Korean with English abstract)
Hedges, R.E.M. and Salter, C.J., 1979, Source determination of iron currency bars through analysis of the slag inclusions. Archaeometry, 21, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1979.tb00250.x
Horie, K., Tsutsumi, Y., Kim, H., Cho, M., Hidaka, H., and Terada, K., 2009, A U-Pb geochronological study of migmatitic gneiss in the Busan gneiss complex, Gyeonggi massif, Korea. Geosciences Journal, 13, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-009-0021-5
Hu, H., Lentz, D., Li, J.W., McCarron, T., Zhao, X.F., and Hall, D., 2015, Reequilibration processes in magnetite from iron skarn deposits. Economic Geology, 110, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.1.1
JNRICH (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage), 2014, Scientific analysis report on the objects excavated from Jungwon area. Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Chungju, 207 p. (In Korean with English abstract) https://portal.nrich.go.kr/kor/originalUsrView.do?menuIdx=1046&info_idx=8099&bunya_cd=3018&report_cd=387 [Accessed on 1 January 2024].
JNRICH (Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage), 2019, Comprehensive report of the restore research on iron manufacturing technology in Jungwon area. Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Chungju 512 p. (In Korean with English abstract) https://portal.nrich.go.kr/kor/originalUsrView.do?menuIdx=1046&info_idx=8528 [Accessed on 1 January 2024].
Jo, J.G., Han, J.S., Kim, S.K., Shin, D.B., Kwak, B.M., Hong, J.H., Yu, B.Y., and Kim, J.A., 2023, Provenance study of iron archaeological sites in the Gyeongsang Province: petrographic and geochemical approaches. Economic and Environmental Geology, 56, 475–499. (In Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.4.475
Jo, R.J., 2012, Characteristics on iron manufacture site of in Jungwon region of Korea. Journal of Jungwon Munhwa, 18–19, 75–111. (In Korean with English abstract)
Kang, J.H., 2019, Microstructure related to the growth of rare-earth mineral in the Eoraesan area, Chungju, Korea. Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea, 28, 129–141. (In Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.7854/JPSK.2019.28.2.129
Kang, J.H., Hayasaka, Y., and Ryoo, C.R., 2012, Tectonic evolution of the central ogcheon belt, Korea. Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea, 21, 129–150. (In Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.7854/JPSK.2012.21.2.129
Kato, Y., 1999, Rare earth elements as an indicator to origins of skarn deposits: examples of the Kamioka Zn-Pb and Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) Deposits in Japan. Resource Geology, 49, 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.1999.tb00045.x
KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2022, Geologic map of Korea (Scale: 1:50,000). https://data.kigam.re.kr/mgeo/map/main.do?process=geology_50k [Accessed on 1 January 2024].
Kil, G.T., 2007, Remains of iron metallurgy in the Chungju area. Journal of History and Practical Thought Studies, 32, 857–898. (In Korean with English abstract)
Killick, D. and Miller, D., 2014, Smelting of magnetite and magnetiteilmenite iron ores in the northern Lowveld, South Africa, ca. 1000 CE to ca. 1880 CE. Journal of Archaeological Science, 43, 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.016
Kim, G.S. and Park, M.E., 1995, Skarn formation in metamorphic rocks of the Chungju mine area. Economic and Environmental Geology, 28, 185–197.
Kim, G.S., Park, M.E., and Enjoji, M., 1994, Banded and massive iron mineralization in Chungju mine (I): geology and ore petrography of iron ore deposits. Economic and Environmental Geology, 27, 523–535.
Kim, K.I., 2010, A study of analysis of types of iron-manufacturing furnace - On the characteristics of Silla iron manufacturing culture. Kyoung-Ju Sahak, 31, 35–88. (In Korean with English abstract)
Klein, S., Lahaye, Y., Brey, G.P., and Kaenel, H.M., 2004, The early Roman ages coinage II: tracing the copper sources by analysis of lead and copper isotopes-copper coins of Augustus and Tiberius. Archaeometry, 46, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00168.x
Knesel, K.M. and Davidson, J.P., 1999, Sr isotope systematics during melt generation by intrusion of basalt into continental crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 136, 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050539
Koh, H.J. and Kim, J.H., 1995, Deformation sequence and characteristics of the Ogcheon Supergroup in the Goesan area, central Ogcheon belt, Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 31, 271–298.
Koh, S.M., Kim, J.H., and Park, K.H., 2005, Neoproterozoic A-type volcanic activity within the Okcheon metamorphic belt. Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea, 14, 157–168. (In Korean with English abstract)
Lee, E.W, 2020, Characterization of early iron-production technologies in Chungju, Korea. Materials Science Forum, 983, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.983.31
Lee, E.W., Han, J.S., Chae, M.H., and Kim, E.J., 2015, An experimental archeological study on the Baekjae iron smelting furnace and its production process. Korean Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies, 48, 138–153. (In Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22755/kjchs.2015.48.4.138
Lee, G.J., 2018, Petrology and geochemistry of Fe-REE-Nb-Zr mineralization in Chungju area, South Korea. Ph.D. Thesis, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea, 121 p. (In Korean with English abstract) https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T14917294 [Accessed on 1 January 2024].
Lee, K.S., Chang, H.W., and Park, K.H., 1998, Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanism in the central Ogcheon belt, Korea: age and tectonic implication. Precambrian Research, 89, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00077-6
Liss, B., Levy, T.E., and Day, J.M.D., 2020, Origin of iron production in the eastern Mediterranean: osmium isotope and highly siderophile element evidence from Iron Age Jordan. Journal of Archaeological Science, 122, 105227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105227
Liu, R., Hsu, Y.K., Pollard, A.M., and Chen, G., 2021, A new perspective towards the debate on highly radiogenic lead in Chinese archaeometallurgy. Archaeological and Anthropological Science, 13, 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01280-w
Liu, X., Yang, K., Rusk, B., Qiu, Z., Hu, F., and Pironon, J., 2019, Copper sulfide remobilization and mineralization during paleoproterozoic retrograde metamorphism in the Tongkuangyu copper deposit, North China Craton. Minerals, 9, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070443
Liu, Y.G., Miah, M.R.U., and Schmitt, R.A., 1988, Cerium: a chemical tracer for paleo-oceanic redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 1361–1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90207-4
Longman, J., Veres, D., Ersek, V., Phillips, D.L., Chauvel, C., and Tamas, C.G., 2018, Quantitative assessment of Pb sources in isotopic mixtures using a Bayesian mixing model. Scientific Reports, 8, 6154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24474-0
McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.S., 1995, The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology, 120, 223–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
Melluso, L., le Roex, A.P., and Morra, V., 2011, Petrogenesis and Nd-, Pb-, Sr-isotope geochemistry of the Cenozoic olivine melilitites and olivine nephelinites (“ankaratrites”) in Madagascar. Lithos, 127, 505–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.08.003
Molofsky, L.J., Killick, D., Ducea, M.N., Macovei, M., Chesley, J.T., Ruiz, J., Thibodeau, A., and Popescu, G.C., 2014, A novel approach to lead isotope provenance studies of tin and bronze: applications to South African, Botswanan and Romanian artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science, 50, 440–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.006
Nadoll, P., Angerer, T., Mauk, J.L., French, D., and Walshe, J., 2014, The chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite: a review. Ore Geology Reviews, 61, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.12.013
Neymark, L.A., Holm-Denoma, C.S., Pietruszka, A.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., Fanning, C.M., Pillers, R.M., and Moscati, R.J., 2016, High spatial resolution U-Pb geochronology and Pb isotope geochemistry of magnetite-apatite ore from the Pea Ridge iron oxide-apatite deposit, St. Francois Mountains, Southeast Missouri, USA. Economic Geology, 111, 1915–1933. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.8.1915
Oh, C.W., Kim, S.W, and Lee, J.H., 1998, A study on the regional and contact metamorphism in the southwestern part of the Ogcheon Metamorphic Belt. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 34, 311–332. (In Korean with English abstract)
Park, J.H., Cheong, C.S., Jeong, Y.J., and Lee, J.J., 2015, Strontium isotope geochemistry of archaeological human tooth enamel excavated from Jeonju, southwestern Korea. Geosciences Journal, 19, 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-015-0024-3
Park, J.S., 2012, A preliminary study on the role and implication of plate-type iron artifacts in the ancient iron technology of Korea. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 1925–1932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.031
Park, J.S., Nakamura, T., and Price, D.M., 2005a, Estimation of the age of a pre-industrial iron site in Korea. Archaeometry, 47, 861–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00237.x
Park, K.H. and Park, H.I., 1980, On the genesis of Ulsan iron-tungsten deposits. Economic and Environmental Geology, 13, 104–116. (In Korean with English abstract)
Park, M.E. and Kim, G.S., 1995, Genesis of the REE ore deposits, Chungju district, Korea: occurrence features and geochemical characteristics. Economic and Environmental Geology, 28, 599–612. (In Korean with English abstract)
Park, M.E., Kim, G.S., and Park, K.H., 2005b, Genesis of the acidic metavolcanics rocks distributed around the Chungju iron deposit in the Gyemyeongsan Formation. Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea, 14, 169–179. (In Korean with English abstract)
Sagong, H., Kwon, S.T., Han, R., and Ree, J.H., 2006, Cretaceous thermal event around the Gongsuwon thrust in the northeastern Okcheon belt: evidence from Rb-Sr geochronology of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Geosciences Journal, 10, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02910332
Sasaki, A., 1987, Isotope systematics of ore leads from the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands. Mining Geology, 37, 223–226. (In Japanese with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11456/shigenchishitsu1951.37.223
Schwab, R., Heger, D., Hoppner, B., and Pernicka, E., 2006, The provenance of iron artefacts from manching: a multi-technique approach. Archaeometry, 48, 433–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00265.x
Seo, S.H., 2015, The Dalcheon steel mills in documents. Ulsan Sahak, 19, 179–209. (In Korean with English abstract)
Shin, B.B., 2011, On the change of tombs and steel production in ancient Gimhae. Journal of North-east Asian Cultures, 26, 203–222. (In Korean with English abstract)
Stepanov, I.S., Weeks, L., Franke, K.A., Overlaet, B., Alard, O., Cable, C.M., Al Aali, Y.Y., Boraik, M., Zein, H., and Grave, P., 2020, The provenance of early Iron Age ferrous remains from southeastern Arabia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 120, 105192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105192
Sun, W.D., Zhang, L.P., Guo, J., Li, C.Y., Jiang, Y.H., Zartman, R.E., and Zhang, Z.F., 2016, Origin of the mysterious Yin-Shang bronzes in China indicated by lead isotopes. Scientific Reports, 6, 23304. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23304
Thiele, A., 2010, Smelting experiments in the early medieval fajszi-type bloomery and the metallurgy of iron bloom. Periodica Polytech-nica Mechanical Engineering, 54, 99–104. https://doi.org/10.3311/pp.me.2010-2.07
Ulrych, J., Dostal, J., Hegner, E., Balogh, K., and Ackerman, L., 2008, Late Cretaceous to Paleocene melilitic rocks of the Ohfe/Eger Rift in northern Bohemia, Czech Republic: insights into the initial stages of continental rifting. Lithos, 101, 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.07.012
Weisler, M.I., Bolhar, R., Ma, J., St Pierre, E., Sheppard, P., Walter, R.K., Feng, R., Zhao, J-x., and Kirch, P.V, 2016, Cook Island artifact geochemistry demonstrates spatial and temporal extent of pre-European interarchipelago voyaging in East Polynesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 8150–8155. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608130113
Woo, Y.K. and Savin, S.M., 2002, Oxygen isotope study of Mulgeum, Yangseong, Maeri and Kimhae iron ore deposits in Gyeongnam Province, Korea. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 23, 97–104.
Xu, W.X., Wang, L.M., Li, H., and Guo, X.S., 2005, Isotope geochemistry of copper deposits in the Zhongtiao Mountain. Acta Geologica Sinica, 26, 130–133. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1006-3021.2005.z1.046
Zamanian, H. and Radmard, K., 2016, Geochemistry of rare earth elements in the Baba Ali magnetite skarn deposit, western Iran–a key to determine conditions of mineralization. Geologos, 22, 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/logos-2016-0003
Zhang, Z.J. and Zuo, R.G., 2014, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics of magnetite: implications for the genesis of Makeng Fedeposit, southern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 57, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.09.009
Acknowledgments
This research was conducted as a part of the Cultural Heritage Survey Research and Development (R&D) of the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage under the Cultural Heritage Administration and was also supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (20214000000500, Training program of CCUS for the green growth). The authors would like to thank staff of the Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage for valuable assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Table S1
. LA-ICP-MS analysis of magnetite from iron archaeological sites and iron deposits
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jo, J., Kim, S., Shin, D. et al. Tracing the source of iron bloom slags and iron ores excavated from archaeological sites in Chungju area, South Korea. Geosci J 28, 193–212 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-024-0001-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-024-0001-9