Abstract
We consider the influence of the composition based on the nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide of a composite photocatalyst for hydrothermal synthesis on the structure adopted by the orthorhombic bismuth tungstate supported by titanium dioxide nanocrystallites. The structural features, composition, surface conditions, optical and electrochemical characteristics of the samples are studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen porosimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy of diffuse surface reflections and subsequent Tauc analysis, electrochemical recording of photocurrent characteristics, and by registering the Nyquist diagrams. Catalytic tests in the test reaction of benzene vapor oxidation on synthesized photocatalysts are conducted in a flow-type reactor at the initial benzene concentrations of 2 µmol/L, 5 µmol/L, 10 µmol/L and the temperature of 40 °C under ultraviolet and blue light from LED optical radiation sources. The photocatalytic activity of the samples is estimated by the stationary steady-state rate of CO2 (final product of benzene vapor oxidation) accumulation. Based on the obtained data, the structure of the phases in the synthesized catalysts are determined and the boundaries beyond which the formation of the bismuth tungstate phase proceeds with features that affect the structure of the resulting composite and its photocatalytic activity are determined.
REFERENCES
M.-Z. Qin, W.-X. Fu, H. Guo, C.-G. Niu, D.-W. Huang, C. Liang, Y.-Y. Yang, H.-Y. Liu, N. Tang, and Q.-Q. Fan. 2D/2D heterojunction systems for the removal of organic pollutants: A review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021, 297, 102540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102540
Parul, K. Kaur, R. Badru, P. P. Singh, and S. Kaushal. Photodegradation of organic pollutants using heterojunctions: A review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2020, 8(2), 103666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103666
A. S. Belousov, A. A. Parkhacheva, E. V. Suleimanov, and I. Shafiq. Potential of Bi2WO6-based heterojunction photocatalysts for environmental remediation. Mater. Today Chem., 2023, 32, 101633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101633
Z. U. Rehman, M. Bilal, J. Hou, F. K. Butt, J. Ahmad, S. Ali, and A. Hussain. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction using TiO2-based photocatalysts and TiO2 Z-scheme heterojunction composites: A review. Molecules, 2022, 27(7), 2069. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072069
W. Zhang, H. He, H. Li, L. Duan, L. Zu, Y. Zhai, W. Li, L. Wang, H. Fu, and D. Zhao. Visible-light responsive TiO2-based materials for efficient solar energy utilization. Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 11(15). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003303
K. Nakata and A. Fujishima. TiO2 photocatalysis: Design and applications. J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2012, 13(3), 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.06.001
C. Sonne, C. Xia, P. Dadvand, A. C. Targino, and S. S. Lam. Indoor volatile and semi-volatile organic toxic compounds: Need for global action. J. Build. Eng., 2022, 62, 105344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105344
Y. Hu, D. Li, Y. Zheng, W. Chen, Y. He, Y. Shao, X. Fu, and G. Xiao. BiVO4/TiO2 nanocrystalline heterostructure: A wide spectrum responsive photocatalyst towards the highly efficient decomposition of gaseous benzene. Appl. Catal., B, 2011, 104(1/2), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.02.031
A. Bathla, K. Vikrant, D. Kukkar, and K.-H. Kim. Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous benzene using metal oxide nanocomposites. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2022, 305, 102696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102696
Z. Shayegan, C.-S. Lee, and F. Haghighat. TiO2 photocatalyst for removal of volatile organic compounds in gas phase - A review. Chem. Eng. J., 2018, 334, 2408-2439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.153
K. Vikrant, C. M. Park, K.-H. Kim, S. Kumar, and E.-C. Jeon. Recent advancements in photocatalyst-based platforms for the destruction of gaseous benzene: Performance evaluation of different modes of photocatalytic operations and against adsorption techniques. J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2019, 41, 100316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.08.003
H. Einaga. Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of benzene, toluene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane in humidified air: comparison of decomposition behavior on photoirradiated TiO2 catalyst. Appl. Catal., B, 2002, 38(3), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(02)00056-5
H. Einaga, S. Futamura, and T. Ibusuki. Photocatalytic decomposition of benzene over TiO2 in a humidified airstream. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1999, 1(20), 4903-4908. https://doi.org/10.1039/a906214i
Ö. Kerkez-Kuyumcu, E. Kibar, K. Dayıoğlu, F. Gedik, A. N. Akın, and Ş. Özkara-Aydınoğlu. A comparative study for removal of different dyes over M/TiO2 (M = Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and Cr) photocatalysts under visible light irradiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2015, 311, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.037
A. Kumar, M. Khan, J. He, and I. M. C. Lo. Recent developments and challenges in practical application of visible–light–driven TiO2–based heterojunctions for PPCP degradation: A critical review. Water Res., 2020, 170, 115356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115356
W. Fang, M. Xing, and J. Zhang. Modifications on reduced titanium dioxide photocatalysts: A review. J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2017, 32, 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.05.003
Y.-Y. Wang, Y.-X. Chen, T. Barakat, Y.-J. Zeng, J. Liu, S. Siffert, and B.-L. Su. Recent advances in non-metal doped titania for solar-driven photocatalytic/photoelectrochemical water-splitting. J. Energy Chem., 2022, 66, 529-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.038
R. Li, T. Li, and Q. Zhou. Impact of titanium dioxide (TiO2) modification on its application to pollution treatment - A review. Catalysts, 2020, 10(7), 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10070804
N. Kaur, S. K. Shahi, J. S. Shahi, S. Sandhu, R. Sharma, and V. Singh. Comprehensive review and future perspectives of efficient N-doped, Fe-doped and (N,Fe)-co-doped titania as visible light active photocatalysts. Vacuum, 2020, 178, 109429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109429
X. Chen, X. Wang, Y. Hou, J. Huang, L. Wu, and X. Fu. The effect of postnitridation annealing on the surface property and photocatalytic performance of N-doped TiO2 under visible light irradiation. J. Catal., 2008, 255(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2008.01.025
N. Kovalevskiy, D. Svintsitskiy, S. Cherepanova, S. Yakushkin, O. Martyanov, S. Selishcheva, E. Gribov, D. Kozlov, and D. Selishchev. Visible-light-active N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts: Synthesis from TiOSO4, characterization, and enhancement of stability via surface modification. Nanomaterials, 2022, 12(23), 4146. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234146
N. Kovalevskiy, S. Cherepanova, E. Gerasimov, M. Lyulyukin, M. Solovyeva, I. Prosvirin, D. Kozlov, and D. Selishchev. Enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of Bi2WO6–TiO2–N nanocomposites in the oxidation of volatile pollutants. Nanomaterials, 2022, 12(3), 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030359
T. M. Khedr, K. Wang, D. Kowalski, S. M. El-Sheikh, H. M. Abdeldayem, B. Ohtani, and E. Kowalska. Bi2WO6-based Z-scheme photocatalysts: Principles, mechanisms and photocatalytic applications. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2022, 10(3), 107838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107838
R. Patra, P. Dash, P. K. Panda, and P.-C. Yang. A breakthrough in photocatalytic wastewater treatment: The incredible potential of g-C3N4/titanate perovskite-based nanocomposites. Nanomaterials, 2023, 13(15), 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13152173
K. Li, H. Wang, J. Li, and F. Dong. Design and mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation for the removal of air pollutants: A review. Environ. Chem. Lett., 2022, 20(4), 2687-2708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01436-7
Z. Zhao, H. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Sun, H. Han, J. Kang, Y. Dong, and L. Wang. Surface acidification of BiOI/TiO2 composite enhanced efficient photocatalytic degradation of benzene. Separations, 2022, 9(10), 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9100315
C. Ren, W. Qiu, H. Zhang, Z. He, and Y. Chen. Degradation of benzene on TiO2/SiO2/Bi2O3 photocatalysts under UV and visible light. J. Mol. Catal., A, 2015, 398, 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.12.007
M. Lyulyukin, N. Kovalevskiy, A. Bukhtiyarov, D. Kozlov, and D. Selishchev. Kinetic aspects of benzene degradation over TiO2–N and composite Fe/Bi2WO6/TiO2–N photocatalysts under irradiation with visible light. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2023, 24(6), 5693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065693
J. H. Scofield. Hartree-Slater subshell photoionization cross-sections at 1254 and 1487 eV. J. Electron Spectros. Relat. Phenomena, 1976, 8(2), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(76)80015-1
P. Makuła, M. Pacia, and W. Macyk. How to correctly determine the band gap energy of modified semiconductor photocatalysts based on UV-vis spectra. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2018, 9(23), 6814-6817. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02892
J. Tauc, R. Grigorovici, and A. Vancu. Optical properties and electronic structure of amorphous germanium. Phys. Status Solidi, 1966, 15(2), 627-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.19660150224
G. Garcia-Belmonte, A. Munar, E. M. Barea, J. Bisquert, I. Ugarte, and R. Pacios. Charge carrier mobility and lifetime of organic bulk heterojunctions analyzed by impedance spectroscopy. Org. Electron., 2008, 9(5), 847-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2008.06.007
G. Garcia-Belmonte, P. P. Boix, J. Bisquert, M. Sessolo, and H. J. Bolink. Simultaneous determination of carrier lifetime and electron density-of-states in P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells under illumination by impedance spectroscopy. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2010, 94(2), 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2009.10.015
J. Bisquert. Theory of the impedance of electron diffusion and recombination in a thin layer. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, 106(2), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011941g
Y. Yang, X. Li, J. Chen, and L. Wang. Effect of doping mode on the photocatalytic activities of Mo/TiO2. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2004, 163(3), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.02.008
M. Lyulyukin, N. Kovalevskiy, I. Prosvirin, D. Selishchev, and D. Kozlov. Thermo-photoactivity of pristine and modified titania photocatalysts under UV and blue light. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2022, 425, 113675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113675
J.-P. Zou, J. Ma, J.-M. Luo, J. Yu, J. He, Y. Meng, Z. Luo, S.-K. Bao, H.-L. Liu, S.-L. Luo, X.-B. Luo, T.-C. Chen, and S. L. Suib. Fabrication of novel heterostructured few layered WS2–Bi2WO6/Bi3.84W0.16O6.24 composites with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Appl. Catal., B, 2015, 179, 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.05.031
Y. Shu, W. Hu, Z. Liu, G. Shen, B. Xu, Z. Zhao, J. He, Y. Wang, Y. Tian, and D. Yu. Coexistence of multiple metastable polytypes in rhombohedral bismuth. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6(1), 20337. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20337
W. Jahjah, J.-P. Jay, Y. Le Grand, A. Fessant, J. Richy, C. Marcelot, B. Warot-Fonrose, A. R. E. Prinsloo, C. J. Sheppard, D. T. Dekadjevi, and D. Spenato. Influence of mesoporous or parasitic BiFeO3 structural state on the magnetization reversal in multiferroic BiFeO3/Ni81Fe19 polycrystalline bilayers. J. Appl. Phys., 2018, 124(23), 235309. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5049546
V. P. Zhukov, V. M. Zhukovskii, V. M. Zainullina, and N. I. Medvedeva. Electronic structure and chemical bonding in bismuth sesquioxide polymorphs. J. Struct. Chem., 1999, 40(6), 831-837. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02700687
J. F. Moulder, W. F. Tickle, P. E. Sobol, and K. D. Bomben. Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Reference Book of Standard Spectra for Identification and Interpretation of XPS Data. Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Physical Electronics Division, 1992.
X. Qin, Y. Li, D. Wu, Y. Wu, R. Chen, Z. Ma, S. Liu, and J. Qiu. A novel NIR long phosphorescent phosphor: SrSnO3:Bi2+. RSC Adv., 2015, 5(123), 101347-101352. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22375j
W. Zuo, W. Zhu, D. Zhao, Y. Sun, Y. Li, J. Liu, and X. W. (David) Lou. Bismuth oxide: a versatile high-capacity electrode material for rechargeable aqueous metal-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci., 2016, 9(9), 2881-2891. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee01871h
E. Koshevoy, E. Gribov, D. Polskikh, M. Lyulyukin, M. Solovyeva, S. Cherepanova, D. Kozlov, and D. Selishchev. Photoelectrochemical methods for the determination of the flat-band potential in semiconducting photocatalysts: A comparison study. Langmuir, 2023, 39(38), 13466-13480. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01158
A. Elaouni, M. El Ouardi, A. BaQais, M. Arab, M. Saadi, and H. Ait Ahsaine. Bismuth tungstate Bi2WO6: A review on structural, photophysical and photocatalytic properties. RSC Adv., 2023, 13(26), 17476-17494. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra01987j
S. Yin, K. Zhong, Q. Yu, Z. Wang, Q. Li, Z. Feng, H. Du, J. Yang, Y. Hua, X. Zhu, and H. Xu. Boosting CO2 capture and its photochemical conversion on bismuth surface. Phys. Status Solidi, 2021, 218(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202000671
F. Orudzhev, S. Ramazanov, D. Sobola, A. Isaev, C. Wang, A. Magomedova, M. Kadiev, and K. Kaviyarasu. Atomic layer deposition of mixed-layered aurivillius phase on TiO2 nanotubes: Synthesis, characterization and photoelectrocatalytic properties. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(11), 2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10112183
G. Zhou, Y. Huang, D. Wei, Z. Fan, and H. J. Seo. Solvothermal synthesis, morphology, and optical properties of Bi2O3 and Bi/Bi2O2.75 powders. J. Nanoparticle Res., 2020, 22(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-019-4728-6
M. Jia and J. T. Newberg. Surface chemistry of liquid bismuth under oxygen and water vapor studied by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2021, 539, 148219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148219
H. Gnayem and Y. Sasson. Nanostructured 3D sunflower-like bismuth doped BiOClxBr1–x solid solutions with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity as a remarkably efficient technology for water purification. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2015, 119(33), 19201-19209. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b05217
Y. Hermans, S. Murcia-López, A. Klein, R. van de Krol, T. Andreu, J. R. Morante, T. Toupance, and W. Jaegermann. Analysis of the interfacial characteristics of BiVO4/metal oxide heterostructures and its implication on their junction properties. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 21(9), 5086-5096. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07483f
Funding
This work was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 23-23-00505, https://rscf.ru/project/23-23-00505/).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Russian Text © The Author(s), 2024, published in Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, 2024, Vol. 65, No. 2, 122698.https://doi.org/10.26902/JSC_id122698
Publisher’s Note. Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lyulyukin, M.N., Morozova, M.E., Polskikh, D.A. et al. Structural Features and Their Relation with Catalytic Properties of Bi2WO6/TiO2–N Composites Upon Photo-Oxidation of Benzene Vapors. J Struct Chem 65, 341–354 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022476624020124
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022476624020124