Abstract
Heart disease is a widespread global concern, underscoring the critical importance of early detection to minimize mortality. Although coronary angiography is the most precise diagnostic method, its discomfort and cost often deter patients, particularly in the disease's initial stages. Hence, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive and dependable diagnostic approach. In the contemporary era, machine learning has pervaded various aspects of human life, playing a significant role in revolutionizing the healthcare industry. Decision support systems based on machine learning, leveraging a patient's clinical parameters, offer a promising avenue for diagnosing heart disease. Early detection remains pivotal in mitigating the severity of heart disease. The healthcare sector generates vast amounts of patient and disease-related data daily. Unfortunately, practitioners frequently underutilize this valuable resource. To tap into the potential of this data for more precise heart disease diagnoses, a range of machine learning algorithms is available. Given the extensive research on automated heart disease detection systems, there is a need to synthesize this knowledge. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research on heart disease diagnosis by reviewing articles published by reputable sources between 2014 and 2022. It identifies challenges faced by researchers and proposes potential solutions. Additionally, the paper suggests directions for expanding upon existing research in this critical field.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
This review manuscript has no associated data.
References
Kumar R, Rani P (2020) Comparative analysis of decision support system for heart disease. Adv Math Sci J. https://doi.org/10.37418/amsj.9.6.15
Rajkumar R, Anandakumar K, Bharathi A (2016) Coronary artery disease (CAD) prediction and classification—a survey. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 11
Sarker IH (2021) Machine learning: algorithms, real-world applications and research directions. SN Comput Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00592-x
Patel S, Patel A (2016) A big data revolution in health care sector: opportunities, challenges and technological advancements. Int J Inf Sci Tech. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijist.2016.6216
Malakar AK, Choudhury D, Halder B et al (2019) A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. J Cell Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28350
Masetic Z, Subasi A (2016) Congestive heart failure detection using random forest classifier. Comput Methods Progr Biomed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.03.020
Ghadiri Hedeshi N, Saniee Abadeh M (2014) Coronary artery disease detection using a fuzzy-boosting PSO approach. Comput Intell Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/783734
Bashir S, Qamar U, Khan FH, Javed MY (2014) MV5: a clinical decision support framework for heart disease prediction using majority vote based classifier ensemble. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1315-0
Tomar D, Agarwal S (2014) Feature selection based least square twin support vector machine for diagnosis of heart disease. Int J Bio-Sci Bio-Technol. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijbsbt.2014.6.2.07
Olaniyi EO, Oyedotun OK, Adnan K (2015) Heart diseases diagnosis using neural networks arbitration. Int J Intell Syst Appl 7:75–82
Marateb HR, Goudarzi S (2015) A noninvasive method for coronary artery diseases diagnosis using a clinically-interpretable fuzzy rule-based system. J Res Med Sci 20:214
Khanna D, Sahu R, Baths V, Deshpande B (2015) Comparative study of classification techniques (SVM Logistic Regression and Neural Networks) to predict the prevalence of heart disease. Int J Mach Learn Comput. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijmlc.2015.v5.544
Long NC, Meesad P, Unger H (2015) A highly accurate firefly based algorithm for heart disease prediction. Expert Syst Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.06.024
Miranda E, Irwansyah E, Amelga AY et al (2016) Detection of cardiovascular disease risk’s level for adults using naive bayes classifier. Healthc Inform Res. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2016.22.3.196
Verma L, Srivastava S, Negi PC (2016) A hybrid data mining model to predict coronary artery disease cases using non-invasive clinical data. J Med Syst. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-016-0536-z
Jabbar MA, Deekshatulu BL, Chandra P (2016) Prediction of heart disease using random forest and feature subset selection. In: Snášel V, Abraham A, Krömer P, Pant M, Muda A (eds) Advances in intelligent systems and computing. Springer, Cham
Liu X, Wang X, Su Q et al (2017) A hybrid classification system for heart disease diagnosis based on the RFRS method. Comput Math Methods Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8272091
Buchan K, Filannino M, Uzuner Ö (2017) Automatic prediction of coronary artery disease from clinical narratives. J Biomed Inform. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2017.06.019
Mdhaffar A, Bouassida Rodriguez I, Charfi K et al (2017) CEP4HFP: complex event processing for heart failure prediction. IEEE Trans Nanobiosci. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNB.2017.2769671
Babic F, Olejar J, Vantova Z, Paralic J (2017) Predictive and descriptive analysis for heart disease diagnosis. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, FedCSIS 2017
Davari Dolatabadi A, Khadem SEZ, Asl BM (2017) Automated diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients using optimized SVM. Comput Methods Progr Biomed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.10.011
Kumar SU, Inbarani HH (2017) Neighborhood rough set based ECG signal classification for diagnosis of cardiac diseases. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-016-2080-7
Shah SMS, Batool S, Khan I et al (2017) Feature extraction through parallel probabilistic principal component analysis for heart disease diagnosis. Phys A Stat Mech its Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.04.113
Qin CJ, Guan Q, Wang XP (2017) Application of ensemble algorithm integrating multiple criteria feature selection in coronary heart disease detection. Biomed Eng—Appl Basis Commun. https://doi.org/10.4015/S1016237217500430
Nalluri MSR, Kannan K, Manisha M, Roy DS (2017) Hybrid disease diagnosis using multiobjective optimization with evolutionary parameter optimization. J Healthc Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5907264
Alizadehsani R, Hosseini MJ, Khosravi A et al (2018) Non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease in high-risk patients based on the stenosis prediction of separate coronary arteries. Comput Methods Progr Biomed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.05.009
Verma L, Srivastava S, Negi PC (2018) An intelligent noninvasive model for coronary artery disease detection. Complex Intell Syst. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-017-0048-6
Dhanaseelan R, Jeya Sutha M (2018) Diagnosis of coronary artery disease using an efficient hash table based closed frequent itemsets mining. Med Biol Eng Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-017-1719-6
David HBF, Belcy SA (2018) Heart disease prediction using data mining techniques. ICTACT J SOFT Comput 9:1824–1830
Haq AU, Li JP, Memon MH et al (2018) A hybrid intelligent system framework for the prediction of heart disease using machine learning algorithms. Mob Inf Syst. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3860146
Vijayashree J, Sultana HP (2018) A machine learning framework for feature selection in heart disease classification using improved particle swarm optimization with support vector machine classifier. Progr Comput Softw. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0361768818060129
Dwivedi AK (2018) Performance evaluation of different machine learning techniques for prediction of heart disease. Neural Comput Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-016-2604-1
Dogan MV, Grumbach IM, Michaelson JJ, Philibert RA (2018) Integrated genetic and epigenetic prediction of coronary heart disease in the Framingham heart study. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190549
Saqlain SM, Sher M, Shah FA et al (2019) Fisher score and Matthews correlation coefficient-based feature subset selection for heart disease diagnosis using support vector machines. Knowl Inf Syst. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1185-y
Abdar M, Książek W, Acharya UR et al (2019) A new machine learning technique for an accurate diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Comput Methods Prog Biomed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.104992
Ayatollahi H, Gholamhosseini L, Salehi M (2019) Predicting coronary artery disease: a comparison between two data mining algorithms. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6721-5
Latha CBC, Jeeva SC (2019) Improving the accuracy of prediction of heart disease risk based on ensemble classification techniques. Informat Med Unlocked. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2019.100203
Khennou F, Fahim C, Chaoui H, Chaoui NEH (2019) A machine learning approach using predictive analytics to identify and analyze high risks patients with heart disease. Int J Mach Learn Comput. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2019.9.6.870
Magesh G, Swarnalatha P (2021) Optimal feature selection through a cluster-based DT learning (CDTL) in heart disease prediction. Evol Intell. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-019-00336-0
Khourdifi Y, Bahaj M (2019) Heart disease prediction and classification using machine learning algorithms optimized by particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization. Int J Intell Eng Syst. https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2019.0228.24
Mohan S, Thirumalai C, Srivastava G (2019) Effective heart disease prediction using hybrid machine learning techniques. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2923707
Ali L, Niamat A, Khan JA et al (2019) An optimized stacked support vector machines based expert system for the effective prediction of heart failure. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909969
Li JP, Haq AU, Din SU et al (2020) Heart disease identification method using machine learning classification in E-healthcare. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3001149
Fitriyani NL, Syafrudin M, Alfian G, Rhee J (2020) HDPM: an effective heart disease prediction model for a clinical decision support system. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010511
Almustafa KM (2020) Prediction of heart disease and classifiers’ sensitivity analysis. BMC Bioinformat. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-020-03626-y
Tama BA, Im S, Lee S (2020) Improving an intelligent detection system for coronary heart disease using a two-tier classifier ensemble. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9816142
Terrada O, Hamida S, Cherradi B et al (2020) Supervised machine learning based medical diagnosis support system for prediction of patients with heart disease. Adv Sci Technol Eng Syst. https://doi.org/10.25046/AJ050533
Jinny SV, Mate YV (2021) Early prediction model for coronary heart disease using genetic algorithms, hyper-parameter optimization and machine learning techniques. Health Technol (Berl). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-020-00508-4
Joloudari JH, Joloudari EH, Saadatfar H et al (2020) Coronary artery disease diagnosis; ranking the significant features using a random trees model. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030731
Mienye ID, Sun Y, Wang Z (2020) An improved ensemble learning approach for the prediction of heart disease risk. Informat Med Unlocked. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2020.100402
Spencer R, Thabtah F, Abdelhamid N, Thompson M (2020) Exploring feature selection and classification methods for predicting heart disease. Digit Heal. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207620914777
Gazeloğlu C (2020) Prediction of heart disease by classifying with feature selection and machine learning methods. Prog Nutr. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i2.9830
Budholiya K, Shrivastava SK, Sharma V (2020) An optimized XGBoost based diagnostic system for effective prediction of heart disease. J King Saud Univ—Comput Inf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.10.013
Amin MS, Chiam YK, Varathan KD (2019) Identification of significant features and data mining techniques in predicting heart disease. Telemat Inform. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.007
Gárate-Escamila AK, Hajjam El Hassani A, Andrès E (2020) Classification models for heart disease prediction using feature selection and PCA. Informat Med Unlocked. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2020.100330
Arul Jothi K, Subburam S, Umadevi V, Hemavathy K (2021) Heart disease prediction system using machine learning. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.901
Valarmathi R, Sheela T (2021) Heart disease prediction using hyper parameter optimization (HPO) tuning. Biomed Signal Process Control. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103033
Bahani K, Moujabbir M, Ramdani M (2021) An accurate fuzzy rule-based classification systems for heart disease diagnosis. Sci African. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01019
Shorewala V (2021) Early detection of coronary heart disease using ensemble techniques. Informat Med Unlocked. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100655
Rani P, Kumar R, Ahmed NMOS, Jain A (2021) A decision support system for heart disease prediction based upon machine learning. J Reliab Intell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-021-00133-6
Rani P, Kumar R, Jain A (2021) Coronary artery disease diagnosis using extra tree-support vector machine: ET-SVMRBF. Int J Comput Appl Technol. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCAT.2021.119772
Patro SP, Nayak GS, Padhy N (2021) Heart disease prediction by using novel optimization algorithm: a supervised learning prospective. Informat Med Unlocked. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100696
Louridi N, Douzi S, El Ouahidi B (2021) Machine learning-based identification of patients with a cardiovascular defect. J Big Data. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00524-9
Ghosh P, Azam S, Jonkman M et al (2021) Efficient prediction of cardiovascular disease using machine learning algorithms with relief and lasso feature selection techniques. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3053759
Nawaz MS, Shoaib B, Ashraf MA (2021) Intelligent cardiovascular disease prediction empowered with gradient descent optimization. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06948
Chang V, Bhavani VR, Xu AQ, Hossain M (2022) An artificial intelligence model for heart disease detection using machine learning algorithms. Healthc Anal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.health.2022.100016
Archana KS, Sivakumar B, Kuppusamy R et al (2022) Automated cardioailment identification and prevention by hybrid machine learning models. Comput Math Methods Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9797844
Nagavelli U, Samanta D, Chakraborty P (2022) Machine learning technology-based heart disease detection models. J Healthc Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7351061
Gao XY, Amin Ali A, Shaban Hassan H, Anwar EM (2021) Improving the accuracy for analyzing heart diseases prediction based on the ensemble method. Complexity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6663455
Verma P (2020) Ensemble models for classification of coronary artery disease using decision trees. Int J Recent Technol Eng. 8:940–944. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.F7250.038620
Javid I, Alsaedi AKZ, Ghazali R (2020) Enhanced accuracy of heart disease prediction using machine learning and recurrent neural networks ensemble majority voting method. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110369
Choi E, Schuetz A, Stewart WF, Sun J (2017) Using recurrent neural network models for early detection of heart failure onset. J Am Med Informat Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw112
Arabasadi Z, Alizadehsani R, Roshanzamir M et al (2017) Computer aided decision making for heart disease detection using hybrid neural network-genetic algorithm. Comput Methods Progr Biomed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.01.004
Samuel OW, Asogbon GM, Sangaiah AK et al (2017) An integrated decision support system based on ANN and Fuzzy_AHP for heart failure risk prediction. Expert Syst Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.10.020
Kim JK, Kang S (2017) Neural network-based coronary heart disease risk prediction using feature correlation analysis. J Healthc Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2780501
Caliskan A, Yuksel ME (2017) Classification of coronary artery disease data sets by using a deep neural network. EuroBiotech J. https://doi.org/10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/04.03
Poornima V, Gladis D (2018) A novel approach for diagnosing heart disease with hybrid classifier. Biomed Res. https://doi.org/10.4066/biomedicalresearch.38-18-434
Malav A, Kadam K (2018) A hybrid approach for Heart Disease Prediction using Artificial Neural Network and K-means. Int J Pure Appl Math 118
Tan JH, Hagiwara Y, Pang W et al (2018) Application of stacked convolutional and long short-term memory network for accurate identification of CAD ECG signals. Comput Biol Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.12.023
Miao KH, Miao JH (2018) Coronary heart disease diagnosis using deep neural networks. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2018.091001
Ali L, Rahman A, Khan A et al (2019) An automated diagnostic system for heart disease prediction based on χ2 statistical model and optimally configured deep neural network. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2904800
Meshref H (2019) Cardiovascular disease diagnosis: a machine learning interpretation approach. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2019.0101236
Verma L, Mathur MK (2019) Deep learning based model for decision support with case based reasoning. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 8
Javeed A, Rizvi SS, Zhou S et al (2020) Heart risk failure prediction using a novel feature selection method for feature refinement and neural network for classification. Mob Inf Syst. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8843115
Pan Y, Fu M, Cheng B et al (2020) Enhanced deep learning assisted convolutional neural network for heart disease prediction on the internet of medical things platform. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3026214
Dutta A, Batabyal T, Basu M, Acton ST (2020) An efficient convolutional neural network for coronary heart disease prediction. Expert Syst Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113408
Paragliola G, Coronato A (2021) An hybrid ECG-based deep network for the early identification of high-risk to major cardiovascular events for hypertension patients. J Biomed Inform. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103648
Cherian RP, Thomas N, Venkitachalam S (2020) Weight optimized neural network for heart disease prediction using hybrid lion plus particle swarm algorithm. J Biomed Inform. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103543
Salhi Dhai Eddine and Tari A and KM-T (2021) Using machine learning for heart disease prediction. In: Senouci Mustapha Redaand Boudaren MEY and SF and MM (ed) Advances in computing systems and applications. Springer, Cham
Murugesan S, Bhuvaneswaran RS, Khanna Nehemiah H et al (2021) Feature selection and classification of clinical datasets using bioinspired algorithms and super learner. Comput Math Methods Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6662420
Bharti R, Khamparia A, Shabaz M et al (2021) Prediction of heart disease using a combination of machine learning and deep learning. Comput Intell Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8387680
Mehmood A, Iqbal M, Mehmood Z et al (2021) Prediction of heart disease using deep convolutional neural networks. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05105-1
Koppu S, Maddikunta PKR, Srivastava G (2020) Deep learning disease prediction model for use with intelligent robots. Comput Electr Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2020.106765
Ali SA, Raza B, Malik AK et al (2020) An Optimally configured and improved deep belief network (OCI-DBN) approach for heart disease prediction based on Ruzzo–Tompa and stacked genetic algorithm. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2985646
Cleveland Dataset (1988) Cleveland Dataset. In: V.A. Med. Center, Long Beach Clevel. Clin. Found. https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/heart+disease
SPECTF Dataset 2001 SPECTF Dataset. https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/SPECTF+Heart. Accessed 11 May 2022
Z-Alizadeh Sani Dataset 2017 Z-Alizadeh Sani_Dataset. https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Z-Alizadeh+Sani. Accessed 11 Apr 2022
Rani P, Kumar R, Jain A (2022) A novel hybrid imputation method to predict missing values in medical datasets. In: Marriwala N, Tripathi C, Jain S, Kumar D (eds) Lecture notes in networks and systems. Springer, Singapore
Rani P, Kumar R, Jain A (2022) A hybrid approach for feature selection based on correlation feature selection and genetic algorithm. Int J Softw Innov. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.292028
Framingham Dataset Framingham_Dataset. https://www.kaggle.com/captainozlem/framingham-chd-preprocessed-data. Accessed 11 May 2022
Statlog Dataset Statlog_Dataset. http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/statlog+(heart)
Funding
There is no funding involved with this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Rani, P., Kumar, R., Jain, A. et al. An Extensive Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques on Heart Disease Classification and Prediction. Arch Computat Methods Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-024-10075-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-024-10075-w