Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optical and Radio Variability of the Blazar S4 0954+658

  • Published:
Astrophysical Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We present an optical-to-radio study of the BL Lac object S4 0954+658 observations during 1998–2023. The measurements were obtained with the SAO RAS Zeiss-1000 and AS-500/2 0.5-m telescopes in 2003–2023, with the RATAN-600 radio telescope at 1.25 (0.96, 1.1), 2.3, 4.7 (3.7, 3.9), 8.2 (7.7), 11.2, 22.3 (21.7) GHz in 1998–2023, with the IAA RAS RT-32 Zelenchukskaya and Badary telescopes at 5.05 and 8.63 GHz in 2020–2023, and with the RT-22 single-dish telescope of CrAO RAS at 36.8 GHz in 2009–2023. In this period the blazar was showing extremely high broadband activity with the variability amplitude of the flux densities up to 70–100\(\%\) both in the optical and radio domains. During the period of 2014–2023 the blazar displayed extremely high activity in the radio wavelengths, and we detected multiple radio flares of varying amplitude and duration. The large flares last on average from 0.3 to 1 year at 22–36.8 GHz and slightly longer at 5–11.2 GHz. The optical flares are shorter and last 7–50 days. The characteristic time scale \(\tau\) of variation at 5–22 GHz is about 100 days in the most active epoch of 2014–2023 and about 1000 days for the state with lower activity in 2009–2014. We found a general correlation between the optical, radio, and \(\gamma\)-ray flux variations, which suggesting that we observe the same photon population from different emission regions. We estimated the linear size of this region as 0.5–2 pc for different conditions. A broadband radio spectrum with two components of the S4 0954+658 jet was modeled using both electrons and protons as emitting particles. The results suggest that the synchrotron radio waves in this AGN may be produced by relativistic protons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.

DATA AVAILABILITY

The data underlying this article are available from the article. Tables 2, 3 and 5 are available from the VizieR database and as online Supplementary material.

Notes

  1. Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences.

  2. Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences.

  3. https://www.sao.ru/cats

  4. https://www.sao.ru/blcat

  5. https://www.bu.edu/blazars/VLBA_GLAST/0954.html

  6. https://github.com/astronomerdamo/pydcf

  7. https://github.com/samconnolly/DELightcurveSimula- tion/

REFERENCES

  1. M. G. Aartsen et al. (IceCube Collab.), Science 361 (6398), id. eaat1378 (2018).

  2. A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, I. Agudo, et al., Astrophys. J. 716, 30 (2010).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. Abdollahi, M. Ajello, L. Baldini, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 265 (2), id. 31 (2023).

  4. F. Acero, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 218 (2), article id. 23 (2015).

  5. P. A. R. Ade et al. (Planck Collab.), Astron. and Astrophys. 594, id. A26 (2016).

  6. M. L. Ahnen et al. (MAGIC Collab.), Astron. and Astrophys. 617, id. A30 (2018).

  7. H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, G. E. Latimer, and P. E. Hodge, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 59, 513 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. M. F. Aller, H. D. Aller, and P. A. Hughes, Astrophys. J. 399, 16 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. E. Angelakis, L. Fuhrmann, I. Myserlis, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 626, id. A60 (2019).

  10. W. B. Atwood, A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, et al., Astrophys. J. 697 (2), 1071 (2009).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. W. M. Baars, R. Genzel, I. I. K. Pauliny-Toth, and A. Witzel, Astron. and Astrophys. 61, 99 (1977).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Becerra González, J. A. Acosta-Pulido, W. Boschin, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 504 (4), 5258 (2021).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. H. Becker, R. L. White, and A. L. Edwards, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 75, 1 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. R. H. Becker, R. L. White, and D. J. Helfand, ASP Conf. Ser., 61, 165 (1994).

  15. G. Bhatta, Astrophys. J. 923 (1), id. 7 (2021).

  16. G. Bhatta, S. Zola, M. Drozdz, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 520 (2), 2633 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Böttcher, Astrophys. and Space Sci. 309 (1-4), 95 (2007).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. P. Cassaro, C. Stanghellini, D. Dallacasa, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 381, 378 (2002).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. A. M. Cohen, R. W. Porcas, I. W. A. Browne, et al., Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 84, 1 (1977).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. J. Condon, W. D. Cotton, E. W. Greisen, et al., Astron. J. 115 (5), 1693 (1998).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. J. Condon and Q. F. Yin, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 113 (781), 362 (2001).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. N. Douglas, F. N. Bash, F. A. Bozyan, et al., Astron. J. 111, 1945 (1996).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. R. A. Edelson and J. H. Krolik, Astrophys. J. 333, 646 (1988).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. D. Emmanoulopoulos, I. M. McHardy, and I. E. Papadakis, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 433 (2), 907 (2013).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. G. Fossati, L. Maraschi, A. Celotti, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 299, 433 (1998).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. D. C. Gabuzda and T. V. Cawthorne, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 283 (3), 759 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. D. C. Gabuzda, T. V. Cawthorne, D. H. Roberts, and J. F. C. Wardle, Astrophys. J. 388, 40 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. D. C. Gabuzda, P. Y. Kochenov, R. I. Kollgaard, and T. V. Cawthorne, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 315 (2), 229 (2000).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. D. C. Gabuzda, C. M. Mullan, T. V. Cawthorne, et al., Astrophys. J. 435, 140 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. H. Gaur, A. C. Gupta, A. Strigachev, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 425 (4), 3002 (2012).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. G. Ghisellini, F. Tavecchio, L. Foschini, and G. Ghirlanda, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 414 (3), 2674 (2011).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gopal-Krishna, R. Sagar, and P. J. Wiita, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 262, 963 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. C. Gregory and J. J. Condon, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 75, 1011 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. P. C. Gregory, W. K. Scott, K. Douglas, and J. J. Condon, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 103, 427 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Gu and Y. L. Ai, Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 32 (1–2), 87 (2011).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. M. F. Gu, C. U. Lee, S. Pak, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 450 (1), 39 (2006).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. A. C. Gupta, D. P. K. Banerjee, N. M. Ashok, and U. C. Joshi, Astron. and Astrophys. 422, 505 (2004).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. A. C. Gupta, A. Mangalam, P. J. Wiita, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 472 (1), 788 (2017).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. V. A. Hagen-Thorn, V. M. Larionov, A. A. Arkharov, et al., Astronomy Reports 59 (6), 551 (2015).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. S. E. G. Hales, C. R. Masson, P. J. Warner, and J. E. Baldwin, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 246, 256 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. B. Taylor, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 171 (1), 61 (2007).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. J. Heidt and S. J. Wagner, Astron. and Astrophys. 305, 42 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. O. Hervet, C. Boisson, and H. Sol, Astron. and Astrophys. 592, id. A22 (2016).

  44. T. Hovatta, E. Valtaoja, M. Tornikoski, and A. Lähteenmäki, Astron. and Astrophys. 494 (2), 527 (2009).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. B. R. Hufnagel and J. N. Bregman, Astrophys. J. 386, 473 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. P. A. Hughes, H. D. Aller, and M. F. Aller, Astrophys. J. 396, 469 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. N. Hurley-Walker, J. R. Callingham, P. J. Hancock, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 464 (1), 1146 (2017).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. H. T. Intema, P. Jagannathan, K. P. Mooley, and D. A. Frail, Astron. and Astrophys. 598, id. A78 (2017).

  49. J. C. Isler, C. M. Urry, P. Coppi, et al., Astrophys. J. 844 (2), article id. 107 (2017).

  50. T. Jenness, E. I. Robson, and J. A. Stevens, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 401 (2), 1240 (2010).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. K. J. Johnston, A. L. Fey, N. Zacharias, et al., Astron. J. 110, 880 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. S. G. Jorstad, A. P. Marscher, D. A.  Morozova, et al., Astrophys. J. 846 (2), article id. 98 (2017).

  53. N. S. Kardashev, Astronomy Reports 44 (11), 719 (2000).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. K. I. Kellermann and F. N. Owen, Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy, 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1988), pp. 563–602.

    Google Scholar 

  55. K. I. Kellermann and I. I. K. Pauliny-Toth, Astrophys. J. 155, L71 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. A. Kharinov and A. E. Yablokova, Trudy IPA RAN (Proceedings of IAA RAS) pp. 342–347 (2012) [in Russian].

  57. S. Kishore, A. C. Gupta, and P. J. Wiita, Astrophys. J. 943 (1), id. 53 (2023).

  58. R. I. Kollgaard, J. F. C. Wardle, D. H. Roberts, and D. C. Gabuzda, Astron. J. 104, 1687 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Y. A. Kovalev, N. A. Nizhelsky, et al., in Proc. Conf. on Multifaceted Universe: Theory and Observations–2022, Nizhny Arkhyz, Spec. Astrophys. Obs. RAS, Russia, 2022, id. 27 (online at https://pos.sissa.it/425/027/pdf).

  60. Y. A. Kovalev, Y. Y. Kovalev, and N. A. Nizhelsky, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 52, 1027 (2000).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. Y. A. Kovalev, N. S. Kardashev, Y. Y. Kovalev, et al., Advances in Space Research 65 (2), 745 (2020).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Y. Y. Kovalev, N. S. Kardashev, K. V. Sokolovsky, et al., Advances in Space Research 65 (2), 705 (2020).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. Y. Y. Kovalev, N. A. Nizhelsky, Y. A. Kovalev, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 139, 545 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. A. Kraus, T. P. Krichbaum, R. Wegner, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 401, 161 (2003).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. N. Kudryavtseva, D. Gabuzda, M. Mahmud, and S. O’Sullivan, in Proc. 10th European VLBI Network Symposium and EVN Users Meeting: VLBI and the New Generation of Radio Arrays, Manchester, UK, 2010, id. 45 (online at https://pos.sissa.it/125/045/pdf).

  66. M. Lacy, S. A. Baum, C. J. Chandler, et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 132 (1009), id. 035001 (2020).

  67. A. Lähteenmäki and E. Valtaoja, Astrophys. J. 521 (2), 493 (1999).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. V. M. Larionov, S. G. Jorstad, A. P. Marscher, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 492 (3), 3829 (2020).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. S. A. Laurent-Muehleisen, R. I. Kollgaard, P. J. Ryan, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 122, 235 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. C. R. Lawrence, T. J. Pearson, A. C. S. Readhead, and S. C. Unwin, Astron. J. 91, 494 (1986).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. T. J. W. Lazio, E. B. Waltman, F. D. Ghigo, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 136 (2), 265 (2001).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. I. Liodakis, R. W. Romani, A. V. Filippenko, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 480 (4), 5517 (2018).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J. Liu, H. Bignall, T. Krichbaum, et al., Galaxies 6 (2), 49 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. M. J. M. Marcha, I. W. A. Browne, C. D. Impey, and P. S. Smith, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 281, 425 (1996).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. S. V. Markelov, V. A. Murzin, A. N. Borisenko, et al., Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions 19 (3), 579 (2000).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. M. Massardi, A. Bonaldi, L. Bonavera, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 415 (2), 1597 (2011).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. M. Massardi, R. D. Ekers, T. Murphy, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 384 (2), 775 (2008).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. E. Massaro, R. Nesci, M. Maesano, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 299 (1), 47 (1998).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. A. R. G. Mead, K. R. Ballard, P. W. J. L. Brand, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 83, 183 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. H. R. Miller, M. T. Carini, and B. D. Goodrich, Nature 337 (6208), 627 (1989).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Mingaliev, Y. Sotnikova, T. Mufakharov, et al., Astronomische Nachrichten 338, 700 (2017).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. M. G. Mingaliev, Y. V. Sotnikova, R. Y. Udovitskiy, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 572, A59 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. R. Mirzoyan, The Astronomer’s Telegram No. 7080 (2015).

  84. J. S. Morgan, J. P. Macquart, R. Ekers, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 473 (3), 2965 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. D. Morozova, V. Larionov, S. Jorstad, et al., Galaxies 4 (3), 24 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. D. A. Morozova, V. M. Larionov, I. S. Troitsky, et al., Astron. J. 148 (3), article id. 42 (2014).

  87. T. Murphy, E. M. Sadler, R. D. Ekers, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 402 (4), 2403 (2010).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. R. Narayan, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 341 (1660), 151 (1992).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. A. Osterman Meyer, H. R. Miller, K. Marshall, et al., Astron. J. 136 (3), 1398 (2008).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. A. Osterman Meyer, H. R. Miller, K. Marshall, et al., Astron. J. 138 (6), 1902 (2009).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. M. Ott, A. Witzel, A. Quirrenbach, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 284, 331 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. F. N. Owen, R. W. Porcas, S. L. Mufson, and T. J. Moffett, Astron. J. 83, 685 (1978).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. Y. N. Parijskij, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 35 (4), 7 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. I. I. K. Pauliny-Toth, A. Witzel, E. Preuss, et al., Astron. J. 83, 451 (1978).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. R. A. Perley, Astron. J. 87, 859 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. R. A. Perley and B. J. Butler, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 204 (2), article id. 19 (2013).

  97. R. A. Perley and B. J. Butler, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 230 (1), article id. 7 (2017).

  98. E. S. Perlman, T. Daugherty, M. Georganopoulos, et al., ASP Conf. Ser., 350, 191 (2006).

  99. V. R. Pininti, G. Bhatta, S. Paul, et al., Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 518 (1), 1459 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. A. Plavin, Y. Y. Kovalev, Y. A. Kovalev, and S. Troitsky, Astrophys. J. 894 (2), id. 101 (2020).

  101. A. V. Plavin, Y. Y. Kovalev, Y. A. Kovalev, and S. V. Troitsky, Astrophys. J. 908 (2), id. 157 (2021).

  102. C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, G. Tosti, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 352, 19 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. A. Ramírez, J. A. de Diego, D. Dultzin-Hacyan, and J. N. González-Pérez, Astron. and Astrophys. 421, 83 (2004).

  104. A. C. S. Readhead, Astrophys. J. 426, 51 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. R. B. Rengelink, Y. Tang, A. G. de Bruyn, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 124, 259 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. E. Resconi, D. Franco, A. Gross, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 502 (2), 499 (2009).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. H. P. Reuter, C. Kramer, A. Sievers, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 122, 271 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. J. L. Richards, W. Max-Moerbeck, V. Pavlidou, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 194, article id. 29 (2011).

  109. J. M. W. Riley, E. M. Waldram, and J. M. Riley, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 306 (1), 31 (1999).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. D. R. S. Robertson, L. C. Gallo, A. Zoghbi, and A. C. Fabian, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 453 (4), 3455 (2015).

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. E. I. Robson, J. A. Stevens, and T. Jenness, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 327 (3), 751 (2001).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. T. Savolainen, K. Wiik, E. Valtaoja, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 394, 851 (2002).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. G. A. Seielstad, T. J. Pearson, and A. C. S.  Readhead, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 95, 842 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. J. H. Simonetti, J. M. Cordes, and D. S. Heeschen, Astrophys. J. 296, 46 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. Y. Sotnikova, Y. A. Kovalev, Y. Y. Kovalev, et al., in European VLBI Network Mini-Symposium and Users’ Meeting, 2021, id. 9 (online at https://pos.sissa.it/cgi-bin/reader/conf.cgi?confid=399, 2022a).

  116. Y. V. Sotnikova, Y. A. Kovalev, A. N. Ermakov, et al., Astrophysical Bulletin 78 (1), 105 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. Y. V. Sotnikova, T. V. Mufakharov, A. G. Mikhailov, et al., Astrophysical Bulletin 77 (3), 246 (2022b).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. M. Steffen, Astron. and Astrophys. 239, 443 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. H. Steppe, G. Paubert, A. Sievers, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 102, 611 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. M. Stickel, P. Padovani, C. M. Urry, et al., Astrophys. J. 374, 431 (1991).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. H. Tabara and M. Inoue, Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 39, 379 (1980).

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. H. Teraesranta, M. Tornikoski, A. Mujunen, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 132, 305 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. D. J. Thompson, D. L. Bertsch, B. L. Dingus, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 101, 259 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. M. Tornikoski, M. Lainela, and E. Valtaoja, Astron. J. 120, 2278 (2000).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. P. G. Tsybulev, Astrophysical Bulletin 66, 109 (2011).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. P. G. Tsybulev, N. A. Nizhelskii, M. V. Dugin, et al., Astrophysical Bulletin 73 (4), 494 (2018).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. R. Y. Udovitskiy, Y. V. Sotnikova, M. G. Mingaliev, et al., Astrophysical Bulletin 71 (4), 496 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. M. Ulrich, L. Maraschi, and C. M. Urry, Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35, 445 (1997).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. J. Ulvestad, K. Johnston, R. Perley, and E. Fomalont, Astron. J. 86, 1010 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. C. M. Urry and P. Padovani, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 107, 803 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. F. Vagnetti, D. Trevese, and R. Nesci, Astrophys. J. 590 (1), 123 (2003).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. E. Valtaoja, A. Lähteenmäki, H. Teräsranta, and M. Lainela, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 120 (1), 95 (1999).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. G. Valyavin, G. Beskin, A. Valeev, et al., Astrophysical Bulletin 77 (4), 551 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. S. Vaughan, R. Edelson, R. S. Warwick, and P. Uttley, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 345 (4), 1271 (2003).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. O. V. Verkhodanov, ASP Conf. Ser. 125, 46 (1997).

  136. O. V. Verkhodanov, S. A. Trushkin, H. Andernach, and V. N. Chernenkov, Bull. Spec. Astrophys. Obs. 58, 118 (2005).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. O. V. Verkhodanov, S. A. Trushkin, H. Andernach, and V. N. Chernenkov, Data Science Journal 8, 34 (2009).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. M. Villata, C. M. Raiteri, O. M. Kurtanidze, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 390, 407 (2002).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. V. V. Vlasyuk, Bull. Spec. Astrophys. Obs. 36 (3), 107 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. A. E. Volvach, V. S. Bychkova, M. G. Larionov, et al., Astronomy Reports 60 (12), 1035 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. A. E. Vol’vach, L. N. Vol’vach, N. S. Kardashev, and M. G. Larionov, Astronomy Reports 52 (6), 429 (2008).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. A. E. Vol’vach, L. N. Vol’vach, and M. G. Larionov, Galaxies 11 (5), 96 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. C. von Montigny, D. L. Bertsch, J. Chiang, et al., Astrophys. J. 440, 525 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. S. J. Wagner and A. Witzel, Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33, 163 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. M. A. Walker, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 294, 307 (1998).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. D. Walsh, J. M. Beckers, R. F. Carswell, and R. J. Weymann, Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 211, 105 (1984).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. G. Wang, R.-s. Lu, Z.-q. Shen, et al., Progress in Astronomy 41, 257 (2023).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. J. M. Wrobel, A. R. Patnaik, I. W. A. Browne, and P. N. Wilkinson, Bull. American Astron. Soc., 30, 1308 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. X. Zhang, Y. Zheng, H. Chen, et al., Astron. and Astrophys. Suppl. 121, 59 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The observations were carried out with the RATAN-600 scientific facility, the Zeiss-1000 and AS-500/2 optical reflectors of SAO RAS, and the RT-22 of CrAO RAS. Observations with the SAO RAS telescopes are supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. The observations at 5.05 and 8.63 GHz were performed with the Badary and Zelenchukskaya RT-32 radio telescopes operated by the Shared Research Facility Center for the Quasar VLBI Network of IAA RAS (https://iaaras.ru/cu-center/).

VVV and SOI pay their tribute to N. S. Kardashev who had initiated the studies of blazars and made an important contribution to the issue debates. They would like to thank V. S. Bychkova for her involvement into blazar studies and valuable discussions on the topic of blazar variability. VAE and VLN are grateful to the staff of the Radio Astronomy Department of CrAO RAS for their participation in the observations.

This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; the CATS database, available on the Special Astrophysical Observatory website; the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. This research has made use of the VizieR catalogue access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France. The development of the Fermi LAT Light Curve Repository has been funded in part through the Fermi Guest Investigator Program (NASA Research Announcements NNH19ZDA001N and NNH20ZDA001N). This study makes use of the VLBA data from the VLBA-BU Blazar Monitoring Program (BEAM-ME and VLBA-BU-BLAZAR; http://www.bu.edu/blazars/ BEAM-ME.html), funded by NASA through the Fermi Guest Investigator Program. The VLBA is an instrument of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated by Associated Universities, Inc.

Funding

The reported study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under contract 075-15-2022-1227. YYK was supported by the M2FINDERS project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 101018682). LY is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grants No. 12205388.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, 369167, Nizhnii Arkhyz, Russia

    V. V. Vlasyuk, Yu. V. Sotnikova, O. I. Spiridonova, V. A. Stolyarov, A. G. Mikhailov, M. L. Khabibullina, M. G. Mingaliev, T. A. Semenova, P. G. Zhekanis, T. V. Mufakharov, R. Yu. Udovitskiy, A. A. Kudryashova, A. K. Erkenov, A. S. Moskvitin, E. V. Emelianov, T. A. Fatkhullin, P. G. Tsybulev, N. A. Nizhelsky & G. V. Zhekanis

  2. Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia

    Yu. V. Sotnikova, M. G. Mingaliev & T. V. Mufakharov

  3. Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, 298409, Nauchny, Russia

    A. E. Volvach & L. N. Volvach

  4. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 OHE, Cambridge, UK

    V. A. Stolyarov

  5. Astro Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia

    Yu. A. Kovalev, Y. Y. Kovalev & E. V. Kravchenko

  6. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, 53121, Bonn, Germany

    Y. Y. Kovalev

  7. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russia

    Y. Y. Kovalev & E. V. Kravchenko

  8. Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 191187, St. Petersburg, Russia

    M. A. Kharinov & M. G. Mingaliev

  9. School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University, 519082, Zhuhai, China

    L. Yang

Authors
  1. V. V. Vlasyuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu. V. Sotnikova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. E. Volvach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. O. I. Spiridonova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. V. A. Stolyarov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. G. Mikhailov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yu. A. Kovalev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Y. Y. Kovalev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. M. L. Khabibullina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. M. A. Kharinov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. L. Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. M. G. Mingaliev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. T. A. Semenova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. P. G. Zhekanis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. T. V. Mufakharov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. R. Yu. Udovitskiy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. A. A. Kudryashova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. L. N. Volvach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. A. K. Erkenov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. A. S. Moskvitin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. E. V. Emelianov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. T. A. Fatkhullin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. P. G. Tsybulev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. N. A. Nizhelsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. G. V. Zhekanis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. E. V. Kravchenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. V. Vlasyuk.

Ethics declarations

The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note.

Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vlasyuk, V.V., Sotnikova, Y.V., Volvach, A.E. et al. Optical and Radio Variability of the Blazar S4 0954+658. Astrophys. Bull. 78, 464–486 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990341323600229

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990341323600229

Keywords:

Search

Navigation