Abstract
An experimental investigation was carried out on the blended cement mortar to determine the paste’s physical, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties by incorporating mineral additives. The mineral additives such as silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and fly ash were used to prepare the different blends, namely binary, ternary, and quaternary, to reduce cement consumption without compromising the desired properties. The study investigated the properties like compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity. The optimal doses of mineral additives to replace cement were investigated for different combinations of mortar blends. The maximum compressive strength at the curing age of 28 days was obtained at 20% of fly ash, 30% of GGBS, and 10% of silica fume replacement. The compressive strength of mortar was maximum in the case of silica fume compared to fly ash, GGBS, and control mix. The performance of the binary mix is relatively better than the ternary, quaternary, and control mix. The ternary mix performed better than the control mix. However, the performance of the quaternary mix was not significant. The study examined mortar microstructure by field emission scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction results find compounds in the mortar, like xonolite, portlandite, etc. X-ray fluorescence results determine the chemical composition of cement and mineral additives like CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, etc. The present study suggested that using mineral additives in cement could be a feasible solution for sustainable waste management and contribute to developing durable and eco-friendly construction materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ASTM:
-
American society for testing and materials
- C-A-H:
-
Calcium aluminate hydrate
- C-S-H:
-
Calcium silicate hydrate
- CTM:
-
Compression testing machine
- EDS:
-
Energy dispersive spectroscopy
- EDX:
-
Energy dispersive X-ray
- FA:
-
Fly ash
- FESEM:
-
Field emission scanning electron microscopy
- GGBS:
-
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
- ITZ:
-
Interfacial transition zone
- IS:
-
Indian standard
- MIP:
-
Mercury intrusion porosimetry
- MPC:
-
Magnesia phosphate cement
- OPC:
-
Ordinary Portland cement
- QTR:
-
Quaternary
- SCM:
-
Supplementary cementitious material
- SF:
-
Silica fume
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
References
Adilakshmi B, Babu NV (2017) A comparative study on compressive strength of cement mortar cubes with fly ash and GGBS produced using different fine aggregates. Int J Eng Sci Math 6:657–667
Ahmad I, Ahmad F, Room S, Abdullah Z, Ihsan M (2016) Compressive strength of cement mortar blended with coconut fibers and human hair. Adv Sci Technol Eng Syst J 1:1–4
Akhnoukh AK, Buckhalter C (2021) Ultra-high-performance concrete: constituents, mechanical properties, applications and current challenges. Case Stud Constr Mater 15:e00559
Assaad JJ, Harb J (2013) Use of the falling-head method to assess permeability of freshly mixed cementitious-based materials. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000630
ASTM C1585 (2004) Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic-cement concretes. United States
Cheng S, Shui Z, Gao X, Yu R, Sun T, Guo C, Huang Y (2020) Degradation mechanisms of Portland cement mortar under seawater attack and drying-wetting cycles. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116934
Choi SJ, Lee SS, Monteiro PJM (2011) Effect of fly ash fineness on temperature rise, setting, and strength development of mortar. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000411
Egli PH, Johnson LR (1963) The art and science of growing crystals. Wiley, New York, p 194
Enein SAAE, Hashem FS, Amin MS, Sayed DM (2016) Physicochemical characteristics of cementitious building materials derived from industrial solid wastes. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.112
Filiz B, Akbulut ZF, Guler S (2023) Physical and mechanical properties of pozzolanic materials blended cement mortars before and after the freeze-thaw cycles. Bitlis Eren Univ Sci J. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1198854
Gadpalliwar SK, Deotale RS, Narde AR (2014) To study the partial replacement of cement by GGBS & RHA and natural sand by quarry sand in concrete. IOSR J Mech Civ Eng 11:69–77
Gamal SMAE, Hosiny FIE, Amin MS, Sayed DG (2017) Ceramic waste as an efficient material for enhancing the fire resistance and mechanical properties of hardened Portland cement pastes. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.040
Gong F, Zhang D, Sicat E, Ueda T (2014) Empirical estimation of pore size distribution in cement, mortar, and concrete. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000945
Hossain MM, Karim MR, Hasan M, Hossain MK, Zain MFM (2016) Durability of mortar and concrete made up of pozzolans as a partial replacement of cement: a review. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.147
Hussain S, Bhunia D, Singh SB, Yadav JS (2022) A study on the carbonation of binary and ternary blended cement mortar and concrete. J Struct Integr Maint. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2021.1971892
IS: 10080 (1982) Specification for vibration machine for standard cement mortar cubes [CED 2: cement and concrete]. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 12089 (1987) Specification for granulated slag for the manufacture of Portland slag cement–CED 2: cement and concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 15388 (2003) Specification for silica fume–CED 2: cement and concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 2250 (1981) Code of practice for preparation and use of masonry mortars. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 3812 (2013) Specification for pulverized fuel ash, part 1: for use as pozzolana in cement-CED 2: cement mortar and concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 4031(Part-6) (1988) Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement, Part 6: Determination of compressive strength of hydraulic cement (other than masonry cement) [CED 2: cement and concrete]. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 456 (2000) Plain and reinforced concrete - code of practice [CED 2: cement and concrete]. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 516 (1956) Method of tests for strength of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 650 (1991) Specification for standard sand for testing of cement–CED 2: cement and concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 8112 (1989) Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement–CED 2: cement and concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 875-1 (1987) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures, part 1: dead loads-unit weights of building material and stored materials (incorporating IS: 1911 (1967)) [CED 37: structural safety]. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
Jianming Y, Tao L, Xuancheng X (2017) Effect of fine aggregates on properties of magnesium potassium phosphate cement mortar. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001991
Joshi RC, Nagaraj TS (1990) Generalization of flow behavior of cement-fly-ash pastes and mortars. J Mater Civ Eng 2:128–135
Karri SK, Rao GVR, Raju PM (2015) Strength and durability studies on GGBS concrete. SSRG Int J Civ Eng 2:34–41
Kaur P, Joshi S, Shinde OA, Reddy MS (2021) Utilization of bio-mineralized steel slag in cement mortar to improve its properties. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003749
Khitab A, Arshad MT, Awan FM, Khan I (2013) Development of an acid resistant concrete: a review. Int J Sustain Constr Eng Technol 4:33–38
Kongsat P, Sinthupinyo S, Orear EA, Pongprayoon T (2021) Effect of morphologically controlled hematite nanoparticles on the properties of fly ash blended cement. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11041003
Liang C, Liu X, Zhang Z, Wang C, Ma Z (2023) Utilizing waste geopolymer powder as partial cement replacement for sustainable cement mortar: Micro-macro properties and modification. J Mater Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.119
Lim CH (2022) Enhancing the pozzolanic reactivity of spent bleaching earth ash (SBEA) in binary blended cement mortar through calcination. ASM Sci J. https://doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2022.1292
Manjunath S, Mahadeva M, Sunandha MR (2018) Comparative study of compressive strength of mortar cubes using river sand and m sand. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng 7:1050–1059
Marvila MT, Azevedo ARGD, Matos PRD, Monteiro SN, Vieira CMF (2021) Materials for production of high and ultra-high-performance concrete: review and perspective of possible novel materials. Mater. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154304
Maysyurah A, Caronge MA (2022) Point load test method for prediction strength of sustainable mortar made from blended cement and fly ash. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012029
Mutalib AA, Algaifi HA, Yahya I, Yusof MAR, Sakib NM (2023) Assessment of the mechanical properties of high strength mortar incorporating silica fume and graphene nanoplatelets: experimental and mathematical modeling. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108054
Peng ZS, Bo T, Peng WD, Yi HZ (2013) Cement mortar liquidity testing method by rheological properties. J Highw Transp Res Dev 7:11–17
Priyadharshini P, Ramamurthy K, Robinson RG (2019) Influence of temperature and duration of thermal treatment on properties of excavated soil as fine aggregate in cement mortar. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002759
Ransinchung GD, Kumar B (2009) Investigations on pastes and mortars of ordinary portland cement admixed with wollastonite and microsilica. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/_ASCE_MT.1943-5533.0000019
Razzaque SA, Ali RT, Ali KS, Rahol L, Hyder LF (2019) Effect on the compressive strength of mortars using ground granulated blast furnace slag as a partial replacement of cement. J Appl Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2019-0025
Saeed NM, Omer B, Jamal AS, Dheyaaldin MH (2023) Performance of cement mortar modified with GGBFS at elevated temperatures with various w/b ratios and superplasticizer dosages. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130493
Santo AG, Rincon JM, Romero M, Talero R (2005) Characterization of a polypropylene fibered cement composite using ESEM, FESEM, and mechanical testing. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.07.023
Sevim O, Sengul CG (2021) Comparison of the influence of silica-rich supplementary cementitious materials on cement mortar composites: mechanical and microstructural assessment. SILICON. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01013-7
Siad H, Lachemi M, Ismail MK, Sherir MAA, Sahmaran M, Hassan AAA (2019) Effect of rubber aggregate and binary mineral admixtures on long-term properties of structural engineered cementitious composites. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002894
Singh H, Bansal S (2015) Effect of silica fume on the strength of cement mortar. Int J Res Eng Technol 4:623–627
Tanyildizi H (2016) The investigation of microstructure and strength properties of lightweight mortar containing mineral admixtures exposed to sulfate attack. Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.09.002
Villamil NML, Bas OIM (2016) Studies on the mechanical properties and durability of aerial lime mortars using mineral admixtures. Constr Res Congr. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479827.031
Wen C, Zhang P, Wang J, Hu S (2022) Influence of fibers on the mechanical properties and durability of ultra-high-performance concrete: a review. J of Build Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104370
Yuan C, Cai YB, Gu Q, Sang D (2022) Research on modified high-performance cement mortar of prefabricated buildings based on orthogonal test. Int J Concr Struct Mater. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-022-00534-8
Zhang B, Tan H, Ma B, Chen F, Lv Z, Li X (2017) Preparation and application of fine grinded cement in cement-based material. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.023
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge that there is no financial support provided by anyone and we thank MNNIT Allahabad for providing the necessary resources, including access to facilities and libraries, which facilitated our research efforts. This support was instrumental in conducting the research presented in this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing authority or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chahar, A.S., Pal, P. Investigation on Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Blended Cement Mortar Integrated with Mineral Additives. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01384-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01384-y