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Invisible Inhabitants of Plants and a Sustainable Planet: Diversity of Bacterial Endophytes and their Potential in Sustainable Agriculture

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Abstract

Uncontrolled usage of chemical fertilizers, climate change due to global warming, and the ever-increasing demand for food have necessitated sustainable agricultural practices. Removal of ever-increasing environmental pollutants, treatment of life-threatening diseases, and control of drug-resistant pathogens are also the need of the present time to maintain the health and hygiene of nature, as well as human beings. Research on plant–microbe interactions is paving the way to ameliorate all these sustainably. Diverse bacterial endophytes inhabiting the internal tissues of different parts of the plants promote the growth and development of their hosts by different mechanisms, such as through nutrient acquisition, phytohormone production and modulation, protection from biotic or abiotic challenges, assisting in flowering and root development, etc. Notwithstanding, efficient exploitation of endophytes in human welfare is hindered due to scarce knowledge of the molecular aspects of their interactions, community dynamics, in-planta activities, and their actual functional potential. Modern “-omics-based” technologies and genetic manipulation tools have empowered scientists to explore the diversity, dynamics, roles, and functional potential of endophytes, ultimately empowering humans to better use them in sustainable agricultural practices, especially in future harsh environmental conditions. In this review, we have discussed the diversity of bacterial endophytes, factors (biotic as well as abiotic) affecting their diversity, and their various plant growth-promoting activities. Recent developments and technological advancements for future research, such as “-omics-based” technologies, genetic engineering, genome editing, and genome engineering tools, targeting optimal utilization of the endophytes in sustainable agricultural practices, or other purposes, have also been discussed.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ACC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

BNF:

Biological nitrogen fixation

ET:

Ethylene

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

ISR:

Induced systemic resistance

JA:

Jasmonic acid

PHAs:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates

SA:

Salicylic acid

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Aliah University for the infrastructural support. AM and UNI receive SVMCM fellowship, Govt. of West Bengal. We sincerely thank Dr. Wriddhiman Ghosh, Bose Institute, Kolkata, for his critical review of the manuscript and valuable suggestions. Contribution of Serina Jahan Mondal during her MSc dissertation work is also acknowledged. There is no funding source to acknowledge.

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  1. Microbial Ecology and Physiology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, IIA/27 New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India

    Masrure Alam, Baishali Pandit, Abdul Moin & Umaimah Nuzhat Iqbal

  2. Department of Botany, Surendranath College, 24/2 MG Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India

    Baishali Pandit

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MA has conceptualized the work, reviewed the literature, and written the manuscript. BP and AM have done literature survey, and prepared the tables and figures. UNI has done literature survey.

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Alam, M., Pandit, B., Moin, A. et al. Invisible Inhabitants of Plants and a Sustainable Planet: Diversity of Bacterial Endophytes and their Potential in Sustainable Agriculture. Indian J Microbiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01225-6

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