Abstract
Aim of the study is to analyze the effect of pavement reflectance and aspect ratio on air and surface temperature reductions in a scale model of an urban canyon. The model, named PAVSCAM (PAVement and Street CAnyon Model), consists of two sets of four lanes disposed between concrete blocks, with 5 m in length and 1.2 m in width, which are covered with different paving materials. Hollow concrete blocks serve as ‘buildings’ whereas the lanes are regarded as ‘streets’. Two sets of lanes are used for testing H/W ratios of 0.33 and 0.66, for block heights of 40 cm and 80 cm, respectively. Interlocking, semi-permeable concrete paver blocks were tested, in light and dark gray, against asphalt used as a reference. Thermocouples were used to assess air and surface temperature at canyon height and on the ground, respectively along with the air temperature measured at “pedestrian height”. Results allowed us to infer on the interplay of thermal properties, aspect ratios, and surface reflectance, observed in measured data, and the impact of shading during two monitoring rounds in spring at a tropical location (at 22°17'00”S, 47°07'00”W) characterized by a Koeppen-Geiger’s Aw climate classification. PAVSCAM proved to be effective in studying microclimate phenomena in a simplified and cost-effective manner.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
American Society for Testing and Materials – ASTM (2003) G173-03: Standard Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances – Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37° Tilted Surface, Philadelphia
American Society for Testing and Materials – ASTM (2016) C1549-16: Standard Test Method for Determination of Solar Reflectance near Ambient Temperature using a Portable Solar Reflectometer, Philadelphia
American Society for Testing and Materials – ASTM (2021) E1918-21: Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field. Philadelphia
American Society for Testing and Materials – ASTM (2020) E903-20: Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating Sphere. Philadelphia
Aletba SRO, Hassan NA, Jaya RP, Aminudin E, Mahmud MZH, Mohamed A, Hussein AA (2021) Thermal performance of cooling strategies for asphalt pavement: a state-of-the-art review. J Traffic Transport Eng (English Edition) 8(3):356–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2021.02.001
Assis ES (2008) Aplicações da climatologia urbana no planejamento da cidade: revisão dos estudos brasileiros. In: RUA: Revista de urbanismo e arquitetura, [S. l.], v. 7, n. 1, 2008 Available at: https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/rua/article/view/3149. Accessed: March 2023
Cepagri (2020). Clima dos municípios paulistas. Available at: https://www.cpa.unicamp.br/ Accessed: April 2023
Chen G, Wang D, Wang Q, Li Y, Wang X, Hang J et al (2020) Scaled outdoor experimental studies of urban thermal environment in street canyon models with various aspect ratios and thermal storage. Sci Total Environ 726:138147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138147
Duffie JA, Beckman WA, Blair N (2020) Solar engineering of thermal processes, photovoltaics and wind, 5th edn. John Wiley & Sons
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2008) Reducing urban heat islands: compendium of strategies – cool pavement. US EPA, Washington, DC
Erell E, Williamson T (2006) Simulating air temperature in an urban street canyon in all weather conditions using measured data at a reference meteorological station. Int J Climatol: A J Royal Meteorol Soc 26(12):1671–1694. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1328
Givoni B (1963) Estimation of the Effect of Climate on Man: development of a new thermal index. PhD Thesis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Guan X, Wang J, Xiao F (2021) Sponge city strategy and application of pavement materials in sponge city. Journal of Cleaner Production 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127022
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2022) Cidades e Estados. Available at: https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/sp/engenheiro-coelho.html. Accessed: March 2023
Kanda M (2006) Progress in the scale modeling of urban climate. Theoretic Appl Climatol 84:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-005-0141-4
Kanda M, Kawai T, Moriwaki R, Narita K, Hagishima A, Sugawara H (2006, June) Comprehensive outdoor scale model experiments for urban climate (COSMO). In: Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Urban Climate, pp 270–273
Krüger E, Givoni B (2008) Thermal monitoring and indoor temperature predictions in a passive solar building in an arid environment. Build Environ 43(11):1792–1804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.10.019
Krüger EL, Gonzalez DEG (2016) Impactos da alteração no albedo das superfícies no microclima e nos níveis de conforto térmico de pedestres em cânions urbanos. Ambiente construído 16:89–106. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212016000300094
Krüger E, Pearlmutter D, Rasia F (2010) Evaluating the impact of canyon geometry and orientation on cooling loads in a high-mass building in a hot dry environment. Appl Energy 87(6):2068–2078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.034
Li H (2016) Pavement materials for heat island mitigation: design and management strategies. Butterworth-Heinemann. Oxford: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-04185-8
Millard-Ball A (2022) The width and value of residential streets. J Am Plan Assoc 88(1):30–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2021.1903973
Morini E, Castellani B, De Ciantis S, Anderini E, Rossi F (2018) Planning for cooler urban canyons: Comparative analysis of the influence of façades reflective properties on urban canyon thermal behavior. Solar Energy 162:14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.064
Muniz-Gäal LP, Pezzuto CC, Carvalho MFHD, Mota LTM (2018) Eficiência térmica de materiais de cobertura. Ambiente Construído 18:503–518. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212018000100235
Nello-Deakin S (2019) Is there such a thing as a ‘fair’distribution of road space? J Urban Design 24(5):698–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2019.1592664
Oke TR (1981) Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: comparison of scale model and field observations. J Climatol 1(3):237–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370010304
Oke TR (2002) Boundary layer climates. Routledge
Parison S, Hendel M, Grados A, Royon L (2020) Analysis of the heat budget of standard, cool and watered pavements under lab heat-wave conditions. Energy Build 228:110455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110455
Parison S, Hendel M, Grados A, Jurski K, Royon L (2021) A radiative technique for measuring the thermal properties of road and urban materials. Road Mater Pavement Design 22(5):1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1661869
Pereira CD, Marinoski DL, Lamberts R (2015) Guia de medição e cálculo para refletância e absortância solar em superfícies opacas. UFSC, Florianópolis
Pearlmutter D, Berliner P, Shaviv E (2006) Physical modeling of pedestrian energy exchange within the urban canopy. Build Environ 41(6):783–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.017
Qiao XJ, Liao KH, Randrup TB (2020) Sustainable stormwater management: A qualitative case study of the Sponge Cities initiative in China. Sustain Cities Soc 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101963
Qin Y (2015) Urban canyon albedo and its implication on the use of reflective cool pavements. Energy Build 96:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.03.005
Qin Y, Liang J, Tan K, Li F (2019) Experimental Study the Albedo of Urban Canyon Prototype with Re-flective Pavements (Atreets). Adv Geosci 3(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.18686/ag.v3i1.1134
Santamouris M, Kolokotsa D (eds) (2016) Urban climate mitigation techniques. Routledge
Shamsaei M, Carter A, Vaillancourt M (2022) A review on the heat transfer in asphalt pavements and urban heat island mitigation methods. Construct Build Mater 359:129350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129350
Stewart ID, Oke TR (2012) Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93(12):1879–1900. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1
Taha H (1997) Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat. Energy Build 25(2):99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(96)00999-1
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by CAPES Print under Grant [88887.717102/2022-00], and it was partly financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LFK - conceptualization, monitoring, data curation, analysis, writing, revision
EM - conceptualization, supervision
EK - analysis, writing, revision, revision 1st round
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
ESM 1
(PDF 106 kb)
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kowalski, L.F., Masiero, E. & Krüger, E.L. Evaluating the impact of pavement reflectance and aspect ratio on thermal conditions in a scale model of a street canyon: introducing PAVSCAM. Theor Appl Climatol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-04911-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-04911-z