Abstract
By January 2024, the COVID-19 pandemic claimed more than 1.1 million deaths in the United States (U.S.). People in prison are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 as they have no ability to socially distance, secure masks, disinfect their environment or have as much access to tests or vaccinations as is available in the community. In addition, many of these individuals reside in crowded conditions with little ventilation, which makes the spread of the virus more likely. In this paper, we used data from two projects, including the UCLA Law COVID Behind Bars Data Project and the COVID Prison Project, and supplemented these with publicly available data to examine the number of deaths and infection rates caused by COVID-19 among people in prison and prison staff in the U.S., as reported by the population of those facilities. We found that the incidence of infections and death rates in prisons were affected by crowding, prison security type (maximum, medium, minimum, or mixed) and level of prison (state or federal). People in prison who were less likely to have as much human contact (e.g., maximum-security prisons) were also less likely to be afflicted with COVID-19. People in prison were twice as likely to be infected by COVID-19 but had a similar death rate compared to the general public. Prison overcrowding increased the infection rate. The most effective state health policy was to quarantine people who had close contact with confirmed, positive cases. Further, state prisons demonstrated a higher death rate compared to federal prisons. Greater efforts to ameliorate COVID-19 and similar pathogens should be directed at state prisons with lower-level security and prisons with closer contact with the community. Quarantining close-contacts and restricting movements were the most effective state-level responses to reduce infections in prisons during April 2020 to April 2022.
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Data Availability
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in: https://uclacovidbehindbars.org/ and https://covidprisonproject.com/.
Notes
The timespan covered in this study ranges from the beginning of the pandemic, April 12th, 2020, to April 22nd, 2022, when the latest data were obtained at the time of this study. Since we used existing data, we were unable to report exactly how many months were covered in the analysis.
In our case, listwise deletion will produce unbiased estimates of the regression slopes. “If the Xs are complete and the missing values of Y are missing at random, then the incomplete cases contribute no information to the regression of Y on X1, …, Xp (Little, 1992, p. 1227).”
We used the total number of people in prison because the prison beds data is more reliable than the infection data.
Importantly, travel restrictions changed during the study timeframe. Most recently, CDC guidelines recommends people who are positive for the virus do not travel until they complete their isolation period.
Calculated by dividing the total number of infections in the U.S. with the total number of the U.S. population by U.S. and World Population Clock (2022).
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Mei, X., Kowalski, M.A., Reddy, L. et al. The Deleterious Health Consequences of COVID in United States Prisons. Am J Crim Just (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-024-09758-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-024-09758-8