Abstract
To meet the extensive demand for lithium (Li) for rechargeable batteries, it is crucial to enhance Li production by diversifying its resources. Recent studies have found that produced water from shale reservoirs contains various organic and inorganic components, including a significant amount of Li. In this study, findings from hydrothermal reaction experiments were analyzed to fully understand the release of Li from organic-rich shale rock. Subsequently, numerical algorithms were developed for both pore-scale and continuum-scale models to simulate the long-term behavior of Li in shale brines. The experimental conditions considered four different hydrothermal solutions, including the solutions of KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and NaCl with various concentrations under the temperature of 130 °C, 165 °C, and 200 °C. The release of Li from shale rock into fluid was regarded as a chemical interaction of cation exchange between rock and fluid. The reactive transport pore-scale and upscaled continuum-scale models were developed by coupling the chemical reaction model of Li interaction between rock and fluid. The model was first implemented to investigate the release and transport of Li in the pore scale. Continuum-scale properties, such as effective diffusivity coefficients and Li release rate, were obtained as the field-averaged pore-scale modeling results. These properties were used as the input data for the upscaled continuum-scale simulation. The findings of this study are expected to provide new insight into the production of Li from shale brines by elucidating the release, fate, and transport of Li in subsurface formations.
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Abbreviations
- \({D}_{{\text{eff}}}\) :
-
Effective diffusion coefficient
- \({D}_{i}\) :
-
Molecular diffusivity of component i in fluid
- \(k\) :
-
Local permeability
- \({k}_{0}\) :
-
Initial local permeability
- \({R}_{i}\) :
-
Reaction rate of component i in fluid
- \(S\) :
-
Specific surface area
- \({\varepsilon }_{{\text{f}}}\) :
-
Volume fraction of fluid area
- \({\varepsilon }_{{\text{s}}}\) :
-
Volume fraction of rock
- \({\overline{v} }_{{\text{f}}}\) :
-
Average velocity of fluid
- \({\overline{p} }_{{\text{f}}}\) :
-
Average pressure
- \({\mu }_{{\text{f}}}\) :
-
Dynamic viscosity
- \({\rho }_{{\text{f}}}\) :
-
Fluid density
- \({\rho }_{{\text{s}}}\) :
-
Rock density
- \({\overline{\omega }}_{{\text{f}},i}\) :
-
Concentration of component i in fluid
- \(\psi \) :
-
Diffuse-interface function
- f:
-
Fluid phase
- s:
-
Solid phase
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Funding
The authors appreciate the funding for this research from National Science Foundation under Award 2042504 (CAREER: Identifying a New Source of Lithium for Sustainable and Renewable Energy Storage).
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You, J., Lee, K.J. Pore-Scale and Upscaled Investigations of Release and Transport of Lithium in Organic-Rich Shales. Transp Porous Med 151, 813–830 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-024-02071-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-024-02071-2