Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychometric Properties of the Ryerson Social Anxiety Scales – Persian Version (RSAS-P)

  • Published:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Ryerson Social Anxiety Scales (RSAS) are a new measure to assess the severity of social anxiety symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to develop the Persian version of the Ryerson Social Anxiety Scales (RSAS-P) and examine its factor structure, measurement invariance, reliability and validity from different dimensions in both the general population and individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) as well as its treatment sensitivity. This research involved 1023 participants from various normal and pathological groups. The RSAS was translated to Farsi and administered to all participants. Participants also completed the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE-S) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P-Short). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the RSAS-P. The RSAS-P showed excellent internal consistency. Correlations between RSAS-P and other related and distinct conceptual measures supported the discriminant validity of RSAS. The reliability test results were satisfactory. The RSAS was also sensitive to changes in the severity and status of social anxiety following treatment. Findings suggest that the Persian version of the RSAS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the severity of social anxiety symptoms in Iranian samples. However, further psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire is recommended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data are available on request from the corresponding author.

Notes

  1. Ryerson Social Anxiety Scales.

  2. Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy.

References

  • Abdullah, A. R., & Mutalib, J. A. (2008). Cross-cultural issues in social anxiety disorder. In J. J. G. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Social Anxiety Disorder (pp. 149–161). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acarturk, C., Smit, F., De Graaf, R., Van Straten, A., Ten, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). Economic costs of social phobia: A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(3), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books

  • Arntz, A., & Jacob, G. (2017). Schema therapy in practice: An introductory guide to the schema mode approach. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Arntz, A., Klokman, J., & Sieswerda, S. (2005). An experimental test of the schema mode model of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36(3), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.05.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babyak, M. A., & Green, S. B. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis: An introduction for psychosomatic medicine researchers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(6), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181de3f8a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, S. L., Heinrichs, N., Kim, H. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2002). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: A preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(6), 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00060-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2007). Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorders. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11533-000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.

  • Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2018). A proposal for a dimensional classification system based on the shared features of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for assessment and treatment. The Neurotic Paradox, 2, 325–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2011). Addressing revisions to the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale: Measuring fear of negative evaluation across anxiety and mood disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(6), 822–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, R. N., McCreary, D. R., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2006). Brief fear of negative evaluation scale—revised. Depression and Anxiety, 23(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collado, A., Felton, J. W., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2014). Longitudinal trajectories of sensation seeking, risk taking propensity, and impulsivity across early to middle adolescence. Addictive Behaviors, 39(11), 1580–1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry: THe Journal of Mental Science, 176, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davey, A., & Savla, J. (2010). Power analysis with missing data. A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203866955

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Castella, K., Goldin, P., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion beliefs and cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.974665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, L. J., Kemp, J. J., Farrell, N. R., Blakey, S. M., & Deacon, B. J. (2015). Interoceptive exposure exercises for social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 33, 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.04.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., & Goetz, D. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31(6), 1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1045–1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). CERQ: Manual for the use of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, DATEC. Leiden University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasani, J. (2011). The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 229–240. [Persian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Heeren, A., Maurage, P., Rossignol, M., Vanhaelen, M., Peschard, V., Eeckhout, C., & Philippot, P. (2012). Self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: Psychometric properties of the French version. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heimberg, R. G. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: Current status and future directions. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01183-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heimberg, R. G., & Becker, R. E. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. Guilford Press.

  • Heimberg, R. G., Hofmann, S. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Schneier, F. R., Smits, J. A., Stein, M. B., & Craske, M. G. (2014). Social anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 31(6), 472–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis. European Academic Research, 2(5), 6478–6492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(6), 867–897. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701421313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., & Roth, W. T. (1996). Issues related to social anxiety among controls in social phobia research. Behavior Therapy, 27(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80037-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., & Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1117–1127. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20759

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IBM. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 24.0) [Computer software]. Armonk, NY: Author.

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.80. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International Inc.

  • Kashima, E. S., & Hardie, E. A. (2000). The development and validation of the Relational, Individual, and Collective Self-Aspects (RIC) Scale. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3(1), 19–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Lakoma, M. D., Petukhova, M., ... & Merikangas, K. R. (2012). Lifetime co-morbidity of DSM-IV disorders in the US national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1997–2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1359

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (2nd ed., pp. 113–134). Guilford Press.

  • Knutsson, J., Blom, K., & Ljótsson, B. (2020). Imagery rescripting versus cognitive restructuring in social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50, 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-019-09448-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kodal, A., Fjermestad, K., Bjelland, I., Gjestad, R., Öst, L., Bjaastad, J. F., Haugland, B. S., Havik, O. E., Heiervang, E., & Wergeland, G. J. (2017). Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 53, 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerner, N., Dugas, M. J., Savard, P., Gaudet, A., Turcotte, J., & Marchand, A. (2004). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in Canada. Canadian Psychology, 45(3), 191. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenton-Brym, A. P., Rogojanski, J., Hood, H. K., Vorstenbosch, V., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2020). Development and validation of the Ryerson social anxiety scales (RSAS). Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(6), 642–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1771137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, D., & Yoo, S. H. (2006). Toward a new generation of cross-cultural research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(3), 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00016.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazhari, S., Ekhlaspour, M., & Banazadeh, N. (2014). Social Phobia and its Association with Academic Performance among Student of Kerman University of Medical Sciences Iran. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 11(2), 227–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, P. M., Grove, R., & Slade, T. (2011). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the Australian general population: Findings of the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(11), 957–967. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2011.624083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeish, D. (2017). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23, 412–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Data screening. Applied Multivariate Research-Design and Interpretation, 43–73.

  • Mohammadkhani, P., Forouzan, A. S., Hooshyari, Z., & Abasi, I. (2020). Psychometric properties of Persian version of structured clinical interview for DSM-5-research version (SCID-5-RV): a diagnostic accuracy study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.100930

  • Morvaridi, M., Mashhadi, A., Shamloo, Z. S., & Leahy, R. L. (2019). The effectiveness of group emotional schema therapy on emotional regulation and social anxiety symptoms. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12, 16–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, A. R., & Abbott, M. J. (2016). The efficacy of imagery rescripting compared to cognitive restructuring for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 40, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, A. R., & Abbott M. J. (2017). The role of environmental factors in the aetiology of social anxiety disorder: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Behaviour Change 34(2), 76–97.

  • Norton, P. J., & Price, E. C. (2007). A meta-analytic review of adult cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(6), 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oakman, J., Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., & Farvolden, P. (2003). A confirmatory factor analysis of a self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osman, A., Wongpakaran, T., & Wongpakaran, N. (2014). Confirmatory factor structure and measurement invariance of the Sims Social Anxiety Scale across gender and nationality. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(3), 439–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peeters, N., van Passel, B., & Krans, J. (2022). The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: A systematic review and research agenda. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penney, E. S., & Norton, A. R. (2021). A novel application of the schema therapy mode model for social anxiety disorder: a naturalistic case study. Clinical Case Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/15346501211027866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penny, C. L., Koenig, K. L., Marty, A. M., Beÿ, C. K., & Norton, V. C. (2022). Man with painful tongue lesions. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, 3(6).

  • Rice, D. P., & Miller, L. S. (1998). Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, 34, 4–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodebaugh, T. L., Holaway, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2004). The treatment of social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 883–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., Thissen, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Chambless, D. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2004). More information from fewer questions: The factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogojanski, J., Hood, H. K., Vorstenbosch, V., & Antony, M. M. (2019). Social anxiety severity scale. Ryerson University.

  • Romm, K. L., Rossberg, J. I., Berg, A. O., Hansen, C. F., Andreassen, O. A., & Melle, I. (2011). Assessment of social anxiety in first episode psychosis using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety scale as a self-report measure. European Psychiatry, 26(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.08.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryder, A. G., Yang, J., Zhu, X., Yao, S., Yi, J., Heine, S. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). The cultural shaping of depression: Somatic symptoms in China, psychological symptoms in North America? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J., & Chartier, M. (1994). Autonomic responsivity in generalized social phobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 31(3), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(94)90031-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (Seventh). Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 174(1), 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talepasand, S., & Nokani, M. (2010). Social phobia symptoms: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 13(6), 522–527.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., ... & de Vet, H. C. W. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60, 34–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsekova, V., Lenton-Brym, A. P., Rogojanski, J., Hood, H. K., Vorstenbosch, V., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Ryerson Social Anxiety Scales in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 34(5), 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1870108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., Hart, T. A., Turk, C. L., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2005). Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the Brief fear of negative evaluation scale in patients with social anxiety disorder. Psychological Assessment, 17(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., & Bookkamana, P. (2012). The Sims Social Anxiety Scale: Reliability and validity of the Thai version. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 95(Suppl 5), S78–S84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.

  • Young, J. E. (2005). Young schema Questionnaire – short form 3 (YSQ-S3). Cognitive Therapy Center. https://doi.org/10.1037/t12644-000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy (Vol. 254, pp. 653–658). New York: Guilford.

  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford press.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Professor Martin M. Antony and Dr. Ariella P. Zeifman, as well as the participants who made this study possible.

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

    Maedeh Ahadi

  2. Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Kharazmi University, No.43. South Mofatteh Ave., Tehran, Iran

    Jafar Hasani

Authors
  1. Maedeh Ahadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jafar Hasani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Maedeh Ahadi contributed to the design, data collection, writing process, contacts with the original scale developers, and interpretation of findings. She critically evaluated the paper and revised the manuscript. Jafar Hasani contributed to the revise, data analysis, and data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maedeh Ahadi.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahadi, M., Hasani, J. Psychometric Properties of the Ryerson Social Anxiety Scales – Persian Version (RSAS-P). J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10115-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10115-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation