Abstract
Intravenous thrombolysis (IT) and mechanical thrombectomy (MD) are the two interventional approaches that have changed the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Ipsilateral and contralateral carotid stenosis (ICS, CCS) play an important role in regulating cerebral hemodynamics, both in chronic and acute situations such as AIS. Several studies have explored their role in the incidence and severity of stroke, but very few have investigated the possible impact of ICS and CCS on the efficacy of interventional procedures. The purpose of this review was to I) highlight the incidence and prevalence of carotid stenosis (CS); II) assess the impact of ICS and CCS on cerebral hemodynamics; III) evaluate the effect of carotid stenosis on the efficacy of interventional therapies (IT and MT) for AIS; and IV) report therapeutic complications related to CS. We searched PubMed/Medline for case reports, reviews, and original research articles on English-language review topics during the period from January 1, 2000 to October 1, 2023. CS is associated with 15–20 % of the total number of AIS. ICS and CCS had a negative influence on both cerebral hemodynamics before AIS and outcome after interventional procedures (IT, MT alone or in bridging). Available data on cerebral hemodynamics and efficacy of interventional therapies for AIS suggest a negative role of CS. Therefore, early diagnosis of CS may be considered relevant to preventive and post-stroke treatment strategies.
Funding source: Giorgini Foundation
About the authors
Giovanna Viticchi is a Researcher of Marche Polytechnic University, member of Italian Neurological Society and coordinator of Italian Stroke Association for Marche region. She studied and published several works about the role of carotid stenosis on cerebral hemodynamic, on stroke outcome and on cognitive impairment associated to cerebral vascular impairment.
Lorenzo Falsetti is a Researcher of Marche Polytechnic University and a member of the Italian Internal Medicine Society. As an Internal Medicine specialist with a subspecialty in ultrasonography, he published several works regarding atherosclerosis in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Claudia Altamura is a medical doctor, member of Italian Neurological Society and of Italian Stroke Association. She is very expert in carotid ultrasound and transcranial doppler. She published several articles about cerebral hemodynamic, analyzing the impact on stroke patients and the relationship with other illness, particularly migraine.
Fabrizio Vernieri is a Full Professor at the Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico in Rome. He is very expert in carotid ultrasound and transcranial doppler. He published several articles about the application of ultrasound and transcranial doppler in stroke patients, to study the impact of cerebral vasoreactivity on cognitive impairment.
Mauro Silvestrini is the Dean of the School of Medicine and Surgery of Marche Polytechnic University and the Head of the Neurological Clinic at University Hospital of Marche. He is the President of Italian Stroke Association and councilor of Italian Neurological Society. He is an expert of carotid ultrasound and stroke and published several articles about the role of cerebral hemodynamic in stroke outcome and the vascular compromission in cognitive impairment.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Conceptualization: Giovanna Viticchi and Lorenzo Falsetti; Methodology: Giovanna Viticchi and Claudia Altamura; Investigation: Giovanna Viticchi, Lorenzo Falsetti, Chiara Di Felice and Claudia Altamura; Formal analysis: Lorenzo Falsetti; Writing - original draft preparation: Giovanna Viticchi; Writing - review and editing: Marco Bartolini and Fabrizio Vernieri; Supervision: Mauro Silvestrini.
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Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: This work has been partially supported by “Fondazione Giorgini”.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
References
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