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Remediation of anthracene-contaminated soil using ultrasonic irradiation: a case study in Persian Gulf Special Economic Zone, Iran

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Abstract

Anthracene (ANT) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is abundantly found in the soil of industrial areas. ANT-contaminated soils are a major concern in industrial zones causing serious environmental and health problems. This research aims to remediate ANT-contaminated soil using ultrasonic irradiation. An industrial zone located in the southern part of Iran, was selected as the case study. The concentration of ANT, ultrasonic power, process time, and water content of soil (water volume) were selected as operational parameters. Based on the authors' best information, this study is pioneering in its exploration of the simultaneous effects of the involved operational parameters, including their antagonistic and synergistic interactions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model the remediation process and predict the removal efficiency. The developed model was used to determine the optimal values of operational parameters to achieve the highest removal efficiency. The results indicated a high synergistic effect between ultrasonic power and water volume. Increasing the water volume from 100 to 250 ml while maintaining the power level at 100 W led to an enhancement in removal efficiency, with values progressing from 39 to 60%. A quadratic equation (a statistical model) was found to be suitable for fitting the data or describing the variations associated with the resulting removal efficiency. The determined optimum conditions were an ultrasonic power of 163 W, a water volume of 225 ml per 100 g of soil, an ANT concentration of 315 mg/kg, and a process time of 0.8 h.

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The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express great gratitude to Babol Noshirvani University of Technology for providing financial support (Grant number: P/M/1124) for experiments of this research.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran

    Farhad Qaderi, Amin Tamadoni & Abolhassan Banisheikholeslami

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  1. Farhad Qaderi
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  2. Amin Tamadoni
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  3. Abolhassan Banisheikholeslami
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Farhad Qaderi and Amin Tamadoni. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Abolhassan Banisheikholeslami and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Farhad Qaderi.

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Qaderi, F., Tamadoni, A. & Banisheikholeslami, A. Remediation of anthracene-contaminated soil using ultrasonic irradiation: a case study in Persian Gulf Special Economic Zone, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 83, 167 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11475-8

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