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Targeted Metagenomics Identification of Microbiome in Preschools exposed to air Pollutants and Their Association with Respiratory Health symptom, Allergy and Eczema

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Abstract

Microorganisms are an important aspect of the environment which have significant effects on human health. Children are more vulnerable to the effects of microbial pollutants, pathogens and allergens. Microbial components of indoor air cannot be overemphasized due to its vastness and ubiquitous nature. This is a cross sectional comparative study which analysed microbiome in 10 preschools according to their level of exposure to outdoor air pollutant sources using amplicon sequencing technique. A total of 20 dust samples were collected from indoor and outdoor environment and analysed for the presence of bacteria and fungi. A detailed questionnaire was used to assess the respiratory health status of the respondents. Indoor air quality was assessed by measuring the level of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and CO2. Exposed area recorded higher level of PM10 and CO2 (p <0.05) while temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were higher in the comparative area (p <0.05). Health symptoms were significantly higher in exposed area for cough, eczema and allergy symptoms (p <0.05). Predominant bacteria species includes Acinetobacter_radioresistens, Acinetobacter_seifertii, Lactobaccillus_iners, Pseudomonas_B_luteola, and Franconibacter_pulveris while predominant fungi species includes Rhodosporidioboluc_fluvialis, Rhodotorula_kratochvilovae, Aspergillus_penicilloides, Aspergillus_gracilis, Curvularia_sorghina, Eupenidiella_venezuelensis, Rhodosporidiobolus_ruineniae, Bipolaris_papendorfii and Curvularia_lunata. Cough symptom was strongly associated with PM10 (AOR =1.27), carpeting (AOR =1.62), Cladosporium dominicanum (AOR =2.12) and Aureobasidium gracilis (AOR =2.04). Eczema was strongly associated with keeping furry pet (AOR =5.46) and Rhodotorula_toruloides (1.02). Allergy was strongly associated with PM10 (AOR =3.23), Megasporoporia_bannaensis (AOR =1.43) and Malassezia_restricta (AOR =2.10). Preschools located close to outdoor air pollutants were more exposed to pollutants and microbiome from indoor and outdoor sources. Health symptoms were significantly associated with air pollutants, therefore proper measures should be implemented to mitigate the exposure to microbiome, infiltration of outdoor air pollutants and health effects on children.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to appreciate the preschool teachers, parents and their children for their support and participation in making this study a success.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) project (Project Code:FRGS/1/2023/SKK06/UPM/01/1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia, Selangor

    Cynthia Oluchi Onwusereaka & Juliana Jalaludin

  2. Environmental Health Research Cluster (EHRc), Environmental Healthcare Section, Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang, Malaysia

    Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa

  3. Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Syafinaz Binti Amin Nordin

  4. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Suhaili Abubakar

  5. Department of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Health Science, MAHSA University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Veronica Chua Poo Choo

Authors
  1. Cynthia Oluchi Onwusereaka
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  2. Juliana Jalaludin
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  3. Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa
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  5. Suhaili Abubakar
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  6. Veronica Chua Poo Choo
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Contributions

Cynthia Oluchi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, formal analysis, resources, writing-original draft and visualization. Funding acquisition. Juliana Jalaludin: Conceptualization, Methodology, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa: Methodology, formal analysis. Syafinaz Binti Amin Nordin: Supervision, project administration. Suhaili Abubakar: Supervision, project administration. Veronica Chua Poo Choo: Project administration.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juliana Jalaludin.

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Approval to conduct this study was obtained from Universiti Putra Malaysia Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects (JKEUPM-2020-497).

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Permission was obtained from parents/guardian of the respondents who participated in this study.

Competing Interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

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Highlights

• Microbial components of an indoor environment is one of the main components of human exposure which affects the health and wellbeing of occupants

• The use of the metagenomics method can provide a comprehensive assessment of microbiome in an indoor environment.

• Preschool indoor air quality were influenced by air pollutants and microbiome from indoor and outdoor sources.

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Onwusereaka, C.O., Jalaludin, J., Isa, K.N.M. et al. Targeted Metagenomics Identification of Microbiome in Preschools exposed to air Pollutants and Their Association with Respiratory Health symptom, Allergy and Eczema. Air Qual Atmos Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01545-y

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