Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) pollution driven by natural and anthropogenic emissions is one of the serious and potentially life-threatening issues in India, owing to associated human mortality. This study analyses the O3 health metric and their long and short-term health effects (i.e. respiratory, cardiovascular (CVD) and all-cause) in 76 Indian cities. Firstly, the maximum daily 8-hour average (MD8A) is characterized by annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly and diurnal scales from 2020 to 2022. High ozone levels continue to be a concern in the Central, Northern, Western, and Eastern sub-regions, as over 60% of cities here exceed the WHO baseline (70 µg m− 3). On average, 15% of cities in Northern, Western and Central sub-regions surpass WHO grade (100 µg m− 3). While overall ozone concentrations decreased from 2020 to 2021, the median concentration increased in 2022. Peak ozone levels for the Northern, Western, and Central sub-regions occur between April and May, while Southern India has a monthly variation that is relatively stable. The weekdays have lower ozone levels than the weekends, with the summer weekends showing noticeable difference. Further, the long and short-term surface ozone exposure is associated with a total of 13,222 and 1944 premature mortalities respectively, showing a rise of 40%, 50% and 54% in 2022 for all-cause, respiratory and CVD mortalities respectively from 2020 levels. With a possible rise in precursor emissions and heat-wave events in the near future, a potential rise in health effects associated with O3 exposure could be expected over the Indian region.
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Acknowledgements
Authors extend their sincere acknowledgment to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for providing hourly, daily and monthly surface ozone data.CK acknowledges the University Grants Commission, India for Junior Research Fellowship.
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Chhabeel Kumar received a fellowship from University of Grants Commission, India during the preparations of this manuscript.
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Chhabeel Kumar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing original draft. Ashish Dogra: Methodology, Writing - review and editing. Neelam Kumari: Data Curation, Formal analysis, Writing original draft. Shweta Yadav: Conceptualization, Writing - review and editing. Ankit Tandon: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - review and editing, Supervision.
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Kumar, C., Dogra, A., Kumari, N. et al. Multi-time-scale surface ozone exposure and associated premature mortalities over Indian cities in different climatological sub-regions. Air Qual Atmos Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01547-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01547-w