Abstract
The indiscriminate use of petroleum-based polymers and plastics for single-use food packaging has led to serious environmental problems due the non-biodegradable characteristics. Thus, much attention has been focused on the research of new biobased and biodegradable materials. Yeast and fungal biomass are low-cost and abundant sources of biopolymers with highly promising properties for the development of biodegradable materials. This study aimed to select a preparation method to develop new biodegradable films using the whole biomass of Paecilomyces variotii subjected to successive physical treatments including ultrasonic homogenization (US) and heat treatment. Sterilization process had an important impact on the final filmogenic dispersion and mechanical properties of the films. Longer US treatments produced a reduction in the particle size and the application of an intermediate UT treatment contributed favorably to the breaking of agglomerates allowing the second US treatment to be more effective, achieving an ordered network with a more uniform distribution. Samples that were not filtrated after the sterilization process presented mechanical properties similar to plasticized materials. On the other hand, the filtration process after sterilization eliminated soluble and hydratable compounds, which produced a reduction in the hydration of the films.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data are available on request.
References
ASTM-E96 (2016) Standard test methods for water vapor transmission of materials. West Conshohocken, ASTM Int. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0096_E0096M-16
Bourtoom T (2008) Review article edible films and coatings: characteristics and properties. Int Food Res J 15:237–248
Bzducha-Wróbel A, Blazejak S, Kawarska A, Stasiak-Rózanska L, Gientka I, Majewska E (2014) Evaluation of the efficiency of different disruption methods on yeast cell wall preparation for β-glucan isolation. Molecules 19:20941–20961. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191220941
Campos CA, Gerschenson LN, Flores SK (2011) Development of edible films and coatings with antimicrobial activity. Food Bioprocess Technol 4(6):849–875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0434-1
Cerimi K, Akkaya KC, Pohl C, Schmidt B, Neubauer P (2019) Fungi as source for new bio-based materials: a patent review. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 6:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-019-0080-y
Choque E, El Rayess Y, Raynal J, Mathieu F (2015) Fungal naphtho-γ-pyrones secondary metabolites of industrial interest. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:1081–1096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6295-1
Ciannamea EM, Stefani PM, Ruseckaite RA (2014) Physical and mechanical properties of compression molded and solution casting soybean protein concentrate based films. Food Hydrocolloids 38:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.12.013
Coma ME, Peltzer MA, Delgado JF, Salvay AG (2019) Water kéfir grains as an innovative source of films: Study of plasticizer content on film properties. Eur Polymer J 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109234
Cottet C, Ramirez-Tapias YA, Delgado JF, de la Osa O, Salvay AG, Peltzer MA (2020) Biobased materials from microbial biomass and its derivatives. Materials 13(6):1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061263
Delgado JF, Sceni P, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG, de la Osa O, Wagner JR (2016) Development of innovative biodegradable films based on biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 36:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2016.06.002
Delgado JF, Peltzer MA, Wagner JR, Salvay AG (2018a) Hydration and water vapour transport properties in yeast biomass based films: a study of plasticizer content and thickness effects. Eur Polym J 99:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.051
Delgado JF, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG, de la Osa O, Wagner JR (2018b) Characterization of thermal, mechanical and hydration properties of novel films based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 48:240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2018.06.017
Delgado JF, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG (2022) Water vapour transport in biopolymeric materials: effects of thickness and water vapour pressure gradient on yeast biomass-based films. J Polym Environ 30:2976–2989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02412-6
Farahnaky A, Saberi B, Majzoobi M (2013) Effect of glycerol on physical and mechanical properties of wheat starch edible films. J Texture Stud 44:176–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12007
Gennadios A, Weller CL, Gooding CH (1994) Measurement errors in water vapor permeability of highly permeable, hydrophilic edible films. J Food Eng 21:395–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(94)90062-0
Giancone T, Torrieri E, Masi P, Michon C (2009) Protein–polysaccharide interactions: phase behaviour of pectin–soy flour mixture. Food Hydrocoll 23(5):1263–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.09.001
Guggenheim EA (1966) 1st. ed. Oxford: Claredon Press. ISBN 10:0198553315. https Applications of statistical mechanics. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.19670791621
Guimarães HHS, Peixoto-Nogueira SC, Michelin M, Rizzatti ACS, Sandrim VC, Zanoelo FF, Polizeli MDL (2006) Screening of filamentous fungi for production of enzymes of biotechnological interest. Braz J Microbiol 37:474–480. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822006000400014
Hoque S, Benjakul S, Prodpran T (2011) Effects of partial hydrolysis and plasticizer content on the properties of film from cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) skin gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids 25:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.05.008
Janjarasskul T, Krochta JM (2010) Edible packaging materials. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 1:415–448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836
Jost V, Stramm C (2015) Influence of plasticizers on the mechanical and barrier properties of cast biopolymer films. J Appl Polym Sci 133(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42513
Kadimaliev D, Kezina E, Telyatnik V, Revin V, Parchaykina O, Syusin I (2015) Residual Brewer’s yeast biomass and bacterial cellulose as an alternative to toxic phenol-formaldehyde binders in production of pressed materials from waste wood. BioResources 10:1644–1656. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.1.1644-1656
Kagimura FY, da Cunha MAA, Barbosa A, Dekker RFH, Malfatti CRM (2015) Biological activities of derivatized d-glucans: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 72:588–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.008
Kojima K, Heisz M, Booth C, McKinney M, Summermatter K, Blacksell S (2020) Laboratory biosafety manual fourth edition and associated monographs, 4th edn. Geneva
Kuorwel KK, Cran MJ, Sonneveld K, Miltz J, Bigger SW (2011) Antimicrobial activity of biodegradable polysaccharide and protein based films containing active agents. J Food Sci 76(3):R90–R102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02102.x
Kyanko V, Canel RS, Ludemann V, Pose G, Wagner JR (2013) β-glucan content and hydration properties of filamentous fungi. Appl Biochem Microbiol 49(1):41–45. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0003683813010080
Lago A, Delgado JF, Rezzani GD, Cottet C, Ramírez Tapias YA, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG (2023) Multi-component biodegradable materials based on water kefir grains and yeast biomasses: effect of the mixing ratio on the properties of the films. Polymers 15:2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122594
López de León L, Caceres I, Bornot J, Choque E, Raynal J, Taillandier P et al (2019) Influence of culture conditions on production of NGPs by Aspergillus tubingensis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 29:1412–1423. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1905.05015
Mali S, Sakanaka LS, Yamashita F, Grossmann MVE (2005) Water sorption and mechanical properties of cassava starch films and their relation to plasticizing effect. Carbohyd Polym 60(3):283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.01.003
Mc Hugh TH, Avena-Bustillos R, Krochta JM (1993) Hydrophilic edible films: modified procedure for water vapor permeability and explanation of thickness effects. J Food Sci 58:899–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb09387.x
Meechan PJ, Potts J (2020) Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. 6th ed. US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., USA. No. (CDC) 300859
Meyer V, Andersen MR, Brakhage AA, Braus GH, Caddick MX, Cairns C et al (2016) Current challenges of research on filamentous fungi in relation to human welfare and a sustainable bio-economy: a white paper. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 3:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-016-0024-8
Novak M, Synytsya A, Gedeon O, Slepicka P, Procházka V, Synytsya A et al (2012) Yeast β(1–3), (1–6)-D-glucan films: preparation and characterization of some structural and physical properties. Carbohyd Polym 87:2496–2504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.031
Osés J, Fabregat-Vázquez M, Pedroza-Islas R, Tomás SA, Cruz-Orea A, Maté JI (2009) Development and characterization of composite edible films based on whey protein isolate and mesquite gum. J Food Eng 92(1):56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.10.02
Pan H, Jiang B, Chen J, Jin Z (2014) Blend-modification of soy protein/lauric acid edible films using polysaccharides. Food Chem 151:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.075
Peltzer MA, Salvay AG, Delgado JF, de la Osa O, Wagner JR (2018) Use of residual yeast cell wall for new biobased materials production: effect of plasticization on film properties. Food Bioproc Tech 11:1995–2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-018-2156-8
Pitt JI, Hocking AD (2009) Fungi and food spoilage. 3rd. ed. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92207-2
Pranoto Y, Lee CM, Park HJ (2007) Characterizations of fish gelatin films added with gellan and κ-carrageenan. LWT-Food Sci Technol 40(5):766–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.04.005
Ramírez Tapias YA, Peltzer MA, Delgado JF, Salvay AG (2020) Kombucha tea by-product as source of novel materials: formulation and characterization of films. Food Bioproc Tech 13:1166–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-020-02471-4
Ramírez Tapias YA, Di Monte MV, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG (2021) Bacterial cellulose films production by Kombucha symbiotic community cultured on different herbal infusions. Food Chem 372:131346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131346
Ramos ÓL, Reinas I, Silva SI, Fernandes JC, Cerqueira MA, Pereira RN et al (2013) Effect of whey protein purity and glycerol content upon physical properties of edible films manufactured therefrom. Food Hydrocoll 30(1):110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.05.001
Razzaq HAA, Pezzuto M, Santagata G, Silvestre C, Cimmino S, Larsen N et al (2016) Barley β-glucan-protein based bioplastic film with enhanced physicochemical properties for packaging. Food Hydrocol 58:276–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.03.003
Salvay AG, Colombo MF, Grigera JR (2003) Hydration effects on the structural properties and haem-haem interactions in haemoglobin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 5:192–197. https://doi.org/10.1039/B209560B
Sanchez-Díaz MR, Lazarte MS, Moavro A, Peltzer MA, Ludemann V (2023) Naturally multicomponent materials obtained from filamentous fungi: impact of different cell rupture treatment on film properties. J Polym Environ 31:2347–2363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02766-5
Santhosh BS, Bhavana DR, Rakesh MG (2018) Mycelium composites: an emerging green building material. Int Res J Eng Technol 5:3066–3068
Siracusa V, Rocculi P, Romani S, Dalla Rosa M (2008) Biodegradable polymers for food packaging: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 19:634–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.003
Stawski D, Rabiej S, Herczyńska L, Draczyński Z (2008) Thermogravimetric analysis of chitins of different origin. J Therm Anal Calorim 93(2):489–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8691-6
Sun W, Tajvidi M, Hunt CG, McIntyre G, Gardner DJ (2019) Fully bio-based hybrid composites made of wood, fungal mycelium and cellulose nanofibrils. Sci Rep 9:3766. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40442-8
Szlachetka O, Witkowska-Dobrev J, Baryła A, Dohojda M (2021) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) building films–Tensile properties and surface morphology. J Build Eng 44:103386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103386
Tang XZ, Kumar P, Alavi S, Sandeep KP (2012) Recent advances in biopolymers and biopolymer-based nanocomposites for food packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52(5):426–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.500508
Thammakiti S, Suphantharika M, Phaesuwan T, Verduyn C (2004) Preparation of spent brewer’s yeast β-glucans for potential applications in the food industry. Int J Food Sci Technol 39:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.00742.x
Vieira MGA, da Silva MA, dos Santos LO, Beppu MM (2011) Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films: a review. Eur Polymer J 47(3):254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.12.011
Zhang L, Ye X, Xue SJ, Zhang X, Liu D et al (2013) Effect of high-intensity ultrasound on the physicochemical properties and nanostructure of citrus pectin. J Sci Food Agric 93:2028–2036. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6011
Zohuriaan M, Shokrolahi F (2004) Thermal studies on natural and modified gums. Polym Testing 23(5):575–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2003.11.001
Funding
The authors of this article acknowledge the financial support from National University of Quilmes (UNQ, Argentina) through R&D program (Expediente 1300/19).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Ezequiel A. Martinez, Macarena R. Sanchez-Díaz, Andres G. Salvay, Vanesa Ludemann, and Mercedes A. Peltzer. The funds were managed by Vanesa Ludemann. The manuscript was written and approved by all authors.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Martinez, E.A., Salvay, A.G., Sanchez-Díaz, M.R. et al. Functional characterization of biodegradable films obtained from whole Paecilomyces variotii biomass. Int Microbiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-024-00501-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-024-00501-1