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Insight into prevalence, etiology, and modalities of pediatric chronic dialysis: a comprehensive nationwide analysis

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Abstract

Background

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and etiology of kidney failure (KF) among children below 15 years of age receiving chronic dialysis in Saudi Arabia and describe their dialysis modalities.

Methods

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 8 August 2022, encompassing all 23 pediatric dialysis centers in Saudi Arabia. Data gathered comprised patient demographics, causes of KF, and the dialysis methods employed. Collected data underwent analysis to determine prevalence of children undergoing chronic dialysis, discern underlying causes of KF, and evaluate distribution of patients across different dialysis modalities.

Results

The prevalence of children on chronic dialysis is 77.6 per million children living in Saudi Arabia, equating to 419 children. The predominant underlying cause of KF was congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT), representing a substantial 41% of cases. Following this, others or unknown etiologies accounted for a noteworthy 25% of cases, with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) comprising 13%, glomerulonephritis at 11%, and congenital nephrotic syndrome contributing 10% to etiological distribution. Regarding dialysis modalities employed, 67% of patients were on peritoneal dialysis (PD), while the remaining 33% were on hemodialysis (HD).

Conclusions

This first nationwide study of pediatric chronic dialysis in Saudi Arabia sheds light on the prevalence of children undergoing chronic dialysis and underlying causes of their KF, thereby contributing to our understanding of clinical management considerations. This research serves as a stepping stone for the development of national registries.

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Data availability

All original data presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

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Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, “Ministry of Education” in Saudi Arabia for funding this research (IFKSUOR3–403–1).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Alhasan, Naif Abdulmajeed & Mohamad-Hani Temsah

  2. Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Alhasan, Weiam Almaiman, Rezqah Fajor AlDhaferi & Dieter Clemens Broering

  3. Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Alhasan, Amro Attaf Alsalmi, Afrah Farhat & Naif Abdulmajeed

  4. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Weiam Almaiman

  5. Pediatric Nephrology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Adi J. Al Herbish & Khamisa Mohamed Almokali

  6. Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia

    Ibrahim Sandokji

  7. Pediatric Nephrology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Majed Aloufi & Naif Abdulmajeed

  8. Division of Pediatric Nephrology, King Fahad Medical City, Children Specialized Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Hassan Yahya Faqeehi & Abdulkarim Alanazi

  9. Pediatric Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulaziz AlHassan

  10. Pediatric Nephrology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulaziz Alshathri

  11. Pediatric Nephrology Department, Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Abeer Mohammad Almalki

  12. Center of Multi-Organ Transplant, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Afaf Alawi Bafageeh

  13. Pediatric Nephrology Department, Maternity Children Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Ali M. Aldajani

  14. Pediatric Department, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia

    Ashraf AlMuzain

  15. Pediatric Nephrology Division, Pediatric Department, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of Health, Madina, Saudi Arabia

    Faten Sudan Almuteri

  16. Division of Nephrology, Pediatric Department, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Haydar Hassan Nasser

  17. Pediatric Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Al Alsheikh

  18. Pediatric Nephrology Department, King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Magbul Maghfuri

  19. Pediatric Nephrology Section, Pediatric Department, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamed Waleed Abukhatwah

  20. Nephrology Section, Pediatric Department, King Salman Military Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Muawia Abdulla Mohamed Ahmed

  21. Pediatric Department, Maternity and Childcare Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

    Naeima Fatani

  22. Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Naffaa Al-Harbi

  23. Pediatric Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Sulaiman Amohaimeed

  24. Pediatric Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Qatif, Saudi Arabia

    Zahra Hussain AlSannaa

  25. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamed A. Shalaby & Jameela A. Kari

  26. Pediatric Nephrology Centre of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamed A. Shalaby & Jameela A. Kari

  27. Department of Nephrology, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, USA

    Rupesh Raina

  28. Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad-Hani Temsah

Authors
  1. Khalid Alhasan
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  2. Amro Attaf Alsalmi
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  3. Weiam Almaiman
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  4. Adi J. Al Herbish
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  5. Afrah Farhat
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  6. Ibrahim Sandokji
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  7. Majed Aloufi
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  8. Hassan Yahya Faqeehi
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  9. Naif Abdulmajeed
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  10. Abdulkarim Alanazi
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  11. Abdulaziz AlHassan
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  12. Abdulaziz Alshathri
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  13. Abeer Mohammad Almalki
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  14. Afaf Alawi Bafageeh
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  15. Ali M. Aldajani
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  16. Ashraf AlMuzain
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  17. Faten Sudan Almuteri
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  18. Haydar Hassan Nasser
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  19. Khalid Al Alsheikh
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  20. Khamisa Mohamed Almokali
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  21. Magbul Maghfuri
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  22. Mohamed Waleed Abukhatwah
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  23. Muawia Abdulla Mohamed Ahmed
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  24. Naeima Fatani
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  25. Naffaa Al-Harbi
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  26. Rezqah Fajor AlDhaferi
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  27. Sulaiman Amohaimeed
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  28. Zahra Hussain AlSannaa
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  29. Mohamed A. Shalaby
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  30. Rupesh Raina
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  31. Dieter Clemens Broering
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  32. Jameela A. Kari
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  33. Mohamad-Hani Temsah
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Contributions

KA and M-HT conceptualized and designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript. All other coauthors contributed to the data extraction from their centers, shared in drafting the original manuscript, and approved the submitted version. RR reviewed and revised the manuscript.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Khalid Alhasan or Mohamad-Hani Temsah.

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Ethical approval

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the IRB of King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Ref IRB Approval # 22/0457/IRB, date June 2, 2022). Written informed consent from the participant’s legal guardian/next of kin was not required to participate in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

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Not applicable.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Alhasan, K., Alsalmi, A.A., Almaiman, W. et al. Insight into prevalence, etiology, and modalities of pediatric chronic dialysis: a comprehensive nationwide analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 39, 1559–1566 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-06245-w

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