Abstract
In this paper the role of a sociologist/criminologist as a mitigation expert in a case of double murder is examined. The defendant was a young black male defendant. The victims were his 8-month pregnant girlfriend and their unborn child. The defendant was born into terrible social circumstances; including five generations of violence; sexual abuse; incarcerated; and neglect. The circumstances of his tragic life leading up to the murder is presented as mitigation. The author of this paper has worked as a sociologist/ mitigation expert for almost 30 years in over 300 sentencing hearings/penalty phases most of which were capital murder but have also included manslaughter, habitual offenders, Miller cases; and other cases of violent crimes where the sentence is plastic. The utility of sociology in criminal cases in general is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. W.W. Norton Co.
Bankston, W. B., Thompson, C., Jenkins, Q., & Forsyth, C. J. (1990). The influence of fear of crime, gender, and southern culture on carrying firearms for protection. Sociological Quarterly, 31(2), 287–305.
Barlow, H. D. (1987). Introduction to Criminology. Little, Brown and Company.
Bartol, C. R. (1991). Criminal behavior: A Psychosocial Approach. Prentice-Hall.
Bernheim, B., Douglas, Ray, D., Yeltekin, & Sevin (2015). Poverty and self-control. Econometrica, 83(5), 1877–1911.
Blackman, S. (2014). Subculture theory: An historical and contemporary assessment of the concept for understanding deviance. Deviant Behavior, 35, 496–512.
Brodsky, S. L. (1991). Testifying in Court: Guidelines and maxims for the Expert Witness. American Psychological Association.
Bullock, H. A. (1955). Urban homicide in theory and fact. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology and Police Science, 45, 565–575.
Carlsson, C., & Sarnecki, G. J. (2016). Life Course Criminology. Sage.
Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. The Free.
Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys. The Free.
Copes, H., Hochstetler, A., Andy, & Forsyth, C. (2013). Peaceful warriors: Codes for violence among adult male bar fighters. Criminology, 51, 3, 761–794.
Curtis, L. A. (1975). Violence, race, and culture. Heath Publishing.
Dayan, M. (1991). The penalty phase of the capital case: Good character evidence. The Champion, 15(1), 14–17.
Erlanger, H. S. (1976). Is there a subculture of violence in the South? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 66, 483–490.
Erlanger, H.S (1974). The empirical status of the subculture of violence thesis. Social Problems, 22, 280–292.
Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2013). Offending from Childhood to Late Middle Age: Recent results from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Springer.
Forsyth, C. J. (1995). The sociologist as mitigation expert in first degree murder cases. Clinical Sociology Review, 13, 134–144.
Forsyth, C. J. (1996). Sociology and capital murder: A question of life or death. Pp. 57–69 in Witnessing For Sociology: Sociologists In The Courtroom, edited by Pamela Jenkins and Steven Kroll-Smith. New York: Greenwood Press.
Forsyth, C. J. (1997). Using sociology and establishing sociological turf: The sociologist as expert in capital murder cases. Sociological Spectrum, 17(4), 375–388.
Forsyth, C. J. (1998). The use of the subculture of violence as mitigation in a capital murder case. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 13(2), 67–75.
Forsyth, C. J. (1999). Too terrible to talk about: A case study of the rape and murder of a child. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 29(1), 97–106.
Forsyth, C. J. (2007). Recurring criminal scripts: The routinization of cases involving the murder of a child. Applied Social Science, 1(2), 62–68.
Forsyth, C. J. (2013). Mitigation defense: Using sociological theories. The International Journal of Crime Criminal Justice and Law, 8, 77–90.
Forsyth, C. J. (2014). The work of the sociologist as mitigation expert in cases of violent crime. Pp. 21–27 in Handbook of Forensic Sociology and Psychology, edited by Stephen J. Morewitz and Mark L. Goldstein. New York: Springer.
Forsyth, C. J. (2015a). Posing: The sociological routine of a serial killer. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 861–875.
Forsyth, C. J. (2015b). The role of the sociologist as Mitigation Expert in a sentencing hearing. Criminal Justice Studies, 28, 161–169.
Forsyth, C. J., & Forsyth, O. F. (2007). A story telling of tragedy: Mental illness, molestation, suicide, and the penalty of death. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 45, 59–68.
Forsyth, C. J., & Mire, S. M. (2006). Plea bargaining: Notes and observations of a more indispensable but less than perfect system. The International Journal of Crime Criminal Justice and Law, 1(1), 79–91.
Forsyth, C. J., Bankston, Carl. (1997). Mitigation in a capital murder case with a Vietnamese defendant: The interpretation of social context. Journal of Applied Sociology, 14(1), 147–165
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press.
Hall, M. G., & Brace, P. (1994). The vicissitudes of death by decree: Forces influencing capital punishment decision making in state supreme courts. Social Science Quarterly, 75, 136–151.
Heilbrum, A. B., & Heilbrum, K. S. (1977). Black minority criminal & violent crime-the role of self.control. The British Journal of Criminology, 17, 4, 370–377.
Hochstetler, A., Copes, H., & Forsyth, C. J. (2014). The fight: Symbolic expression and validation of masculinity in working class tavern culture. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 493–510.
Jennings, W. G., & Reingle, J. M. (2012). On the number and shape of developmental/life-course violence, aggression, and delinquency trajectories: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 472–489.
Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. (1977). Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A longitudinal study of Youth. Academic.
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Harvard University Press.
Lee, M. (2000). Concentrated poverty, race, and homicide. Sociolofical Quarterly, 44, 189–206.
Lee, M., Thomas, S., & Ousey, G. (2010). Southern culture and homicide: Examiing the cracker culture/Black redneck thesis. Deviant Behavior, 31, 60–96.
Lewis, P. W., & Peoples, K. D. (1978). The Supreme Court and the criminal process. W.B. Saunders Company.
Miller, W. B. (1958). Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 3, 5–19.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701.
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002). Males on the life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 179–207.
Najmi, M. A. (1992). Sociologist as expert witness. The Useful Sociologist, 13, 4.
Nesbitt, R., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of Honor. Boulder, Co.:Westview.
Oran, D. (1983). Oran’s Dictionary Of The Law. West Publishing Company.
Parker, R. N., & Rebhun, L. A. (1995). Alcohol and Homicide: A deadly combination of two American traditions. State University Of New York.
Payne, A. A., & Welch, K. (2016). The centrality of schools in the lifecourse: The case for focusing on school –related influences in developmental theory and research. Deviant Behavior, 37, 7, 748–760.
Rose, A. M. (1967). The sociologist as an expert witness in court cases. In P. F. Lazarsfeld, W. H. Sewell, & H. L. Wilensky (Eds.), The uses of sociology (pp. 100–118). N.Y. Basic Books.
Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774–802.
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (2003). Desistance from Crime over the Life Course. Handbook of the Life Course (pp. 295–309). Springer
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making. Harvard University Press.
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1997). A life-course theory of cumulative disadvantage and the stability of delinquency. Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency, 7, 133–161.
Sutherland, E. H. (1939). Principals of Criminology. J.B.Lippincott.
Thoresen, J. H. (1993). The sociologist as expert witness. Clinical Sociological Review, 11, 109–122.
Wolfgang, M. E. (1958). Patterns in Homicide. University of Pennsylvania.
Wolfgang, M. E., & Ferracuti, F. (1967). The subculture of violence. Tavistock.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Forsyth, C.J. Mitigation for a Murderer. Am J Crim Just (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-024-09761-z
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-024-09761-z