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Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Human Pathogens in Ahmedabad: A One-Year Prospective Study

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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global concern, particularly in developing countries like India. A 1-year prospective study was conducted on AMR in human pathogens from Ahmedabad, India. The study aimed to generate an evidence-based database on the AMR profile of pathogens in this region. The study analysed 2204 organisms isolated from various clinical specimens. WHONET software, a specialized tool for AMR data management and interpretation, was used for data management and analysis. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. These pathogens demonstrated varying resistance rates to different antibiotics. E. coli shows a high prevalence of MDR (57%), with 22% indicating possible XDR and 13% showing possible PDR. K. pneumoniae showed even higher rates of MDR (80%), with 57% indicating possible XDR and 54% possible PDR. S. aureus showed MDR in 51% of the isolates, with 11% showing possible XDR and 1% showing possible PDR. The study also identified some priority pathogens according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria based on their resistance to specific antibiotics. The study highlighted the significant prevalence of AMR, particularly MDR, among human pathogens in Ahmedabad, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to combat AMR in clinical settings and public health policies. The study has significant implications for understanding the epidemiology and transmission of AMR in this region, as well as for informing the development of guidelines and interventions for rational antibiotic use and infection control.

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Abbreviations

as:

Abscess

bi:

Bile

bl:

Blood

bo:

Bone

ba:

Broncho-alveolar lavage

ca:

Catheter

sf:

Cerebrospinal fluid

ea:

Ear

ec:

Endocardium

ey:

Eyes

fl:

Fluid

hd:

Head

kf:

Knee fluid

ps:

Pus

sm:

Semen

sk:

Skin

sp:

Sputum

st:

Stool

sb:

Swab

th:

Throat

ti:

Tissue

tr:

Trachea

ur:

Urine

va:

Vagina

wd:

Wound

aba:

Acinetobacter baumannii

bsl:

Bacillus subtilis

pce:

Burkholderia cepacia

ci-:

Citrobacter Sp.

ecl:

Enterobacter cloacae

efa:

Enterococcus faecalis

eco:

Escherichia coli

kpn:

Klebsiella pneumoniae

bca:

Moraxella (Branh.) catarrhalis

pvu:

Proteus vulgaris

pae:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

sat:

Salmonella typhi

sma:

Serratia marcescens

spa:

Sphingomonas paucimobilis

sau:

Staphylococcus aureus

sep:

Staphylococcus epidermidis

spn:

Streptococcus pneumoniae

spy:

Streptococcus pyogenes

AMC_ND20:

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

SAM_ND10:

Ampicillin/sulbactam

TZP_ND100:

Piperacillin/tazobactam

CXM_ND30:

Cefuroxime

CAZ_ND30:

Ceftazidime

CRO_ND30:

Ceftriaxone

CTX_ND30:

Cefotaxime

CFM_ND5:

Cefixime

CPD_ND10:

Cefpodoxime

DOR_ND10:

Doripenem

ETP_ND10:

Ertapenem

IPM_ND10:

Imipenem

MEM_ND10:

Meropenem

AMK_ND30:

Amikacin

GEN_ND10:

Gentamicin

NET_ND30:

Netilmicin

CIP_ND5:

Ciprofloxacin

LVX_ND5:

Levofloxacin

MFX_ND5:

Moxifloxacin

NOR_ND10:

Norfloxacin

SXT_ND1.2:

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

CLI_ND2:

Clindamycin

AZM_ND15:

Azithromycin

ERY_ND15:

Erythromycin

NIT_ND300:

Nitrofurantoin

LNZ_ND30:

Linezolid

VAN_ND30:

Vancomycin

TEC_ND30:

Teicoplanin

CHL_ND30:

Chloramphenicol

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Acknowledgements

Author J. Prajapati acknowledges University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India for providing fellowship for the award of ‘CSIR-NET Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)’. Authors acknowledge the Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science and DST-FIST Sponsored Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, for providing necessary facilities to perform experiments.

Funding

This work was supported by Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission (GSBTM) under Network program on Antimicrobial Resistance, Superbugs, and One Health: Human Health Care Node [GSBTM/JD(R&D)/616/21-22/1236].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India

    Milan Dabhi, Janki Panchal, Meenu Saraf & Dweipayan Goswami

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India

    Jignesh Prajapati & Rakesh M. Rawal

  3. Speciality Microtech Lab, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India

    Bhavin Kapadiya

  4. Department of Life Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India

    Rakesh M. Rawal

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  1. Milan Dabhi
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Contributions

MD, and JP wrote the manuscript, MD, JP, BK, and DG performed experiments, prepared figures, and tables, JP, RMR and DG conceptualized the idea, JP, DG and MS revised and critically proofread the manuscript. All authors have seen and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Rakesh M. Rawal or Dweipayan Goswami.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by Gujarat University’s Institutional Ethics Committee (GU-IEC(NIV)/02/PROJ/032).

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Dabhi, M., Prajapati, J., Panchal, J. et al. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Human Pathogens in Ahmedabad: A One-Year Prospective Study. Indian J Microbiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01233-6

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