The introduction of high-entropy alloys, notable for their increased hardness and thermal stability, gave impetus to the study of their properties in coatings. High-entropy metal coatings are characterized by high hardness, ranging from 7 to 19 GPa. The general laws governing the influence of various parameters on the mechanical properties of high-entropy metal coatings were analyzed. Single-layer metal, nitride, oxide, and carbide coatings and multilayer nitride coatings from high-entropy alloys produced by different deposition techniques were examined. The phase composition, structure, hardness, elastic modulus, and friction coefficient of the coatings were determined. The mechanical properties of high-entropy coatings, along with those of cast alloys, depend on the lattice parameter. With increase in the lattice parameter in bcc metal coatings, the elastic modulus and hardness decrease. The increased hardness of vacuum high-entropy coatings contributes to decrease in their friction coefficient compared to the cast state. The influence of pressure in the sputtering chamber and the voltage applied to the substrate on properties of the nitride coatings was established. The capabilities of producing thick (up to 80 μm) coatings combining metal and nitride interlayers from high-entropy alloys and determining their properties were shown. For the high-entropy carbide in the TiZrNbVTaHf system, the influence of the lattice parameter on hardness was revealed. The lowest friction coefficient (0.05) was observed in high-entropy oxide coatings. The high-entropy coatings showed high hardness. A hardness level of 19 GPa was reached for a metal coating based on the TiZrNbTaHfCr alloy, 63 GPa for a nitride coating based on the TiZrNbVHf alloy, and 48 GPa for a carbide coating based on the TiZrNbVHfTa alloy. The analysis showed that nitride coatings were the hardest, while the lowest friction coefficient was possessed by oxide coatings.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B.S. Murty, J.-W. Yeh, and S. Ranganathan, High Entropy Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Verlag (2014), p. 204.
B. Cantor, “Multicomponent and high entropy alloys,” Entropy, 16, 4749–4768 (2014).
S. Ranganathan, “Alloyed pleasures: multimetallic cocktails,” Curr. Sci., 85, No. 10, 1404–1406 (2003).
J.W. Yeh, S.J. Lin, T.S. Chin, J.Y. Gan, S.K. Chen, T.T. Shun, Ch.-H. Tsau, and Sh.-Y. Chou, “Formation of simple crystal structures in Cu–Co–Ni–Cr–Al–Fe–Ti–V alloys with multiprincipal metallic elements,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 35, No. 8, 2533–2536 (2004).
O.N. Senkov, J.M. Scott, S.V. Senkova, D.B. Miracle, and C.F. Woodward, “Microstructure and room temperature properties of a high-entropy TaNbHfZrTi alloy,” J. Alloys Compd., 509, No. 20, 6043–6048 (2011).
S.A. Firstov, V.F. Gorban, N.A. Krapivka, and E.P. Pechkovskii, “Strengthening and mechanical properties of cast high-entropy alloys,” Kompoz. Nanomater., No. 2, 5–20 (2011).
S.A. Firstov, V.F. Gorban, N.A. Krapivka, and E.P. Pechkovskii, “Distribution of elements in caste multicomponent high-entropy single-phase alloys with a bcc crystal lattice,” Kompoz. Nanomater., No. 3, 48–65 (2012).
X. Yang and Y. Zhang, “Prediction of high-entropy stabilized solid-solution in multi-component alloys,” Mater. Chem. Phys., 132, 233–238 (2012).
C. Lin and H. Tsai, “Evolution of microstructure, hardness, and corrosion properties of high-entropy Al0.5CoCrFeNi alloy,” Intermetallics, 19, No. 3, 288–294 (2011).
Y. Zhang and Y.J. Zhou, “Solid solution formation criteria for high entropy alloys,” Mater. Sci. Forum, No. 561–565, 1337–1339 (2007).
O.N. Senkov, G.B. Wilks, D.B. Miracl, C.P. Chuang, and P.K. Liaw, “Refractory high-entropy alloys,” Intermetallics, 18, No. 9, 1758–1765 (2010).
S.A. Firstov, V.F. Gorban, N.A. Krapivka, M.V. Karpets, and E.P. Pechkovskii, “Structural materials research: Effect of electron density on phase composition of high-entropy equiatomic alloys,” Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 54, No. 9–10, 607–613 (2016).
V.F. Gorban, S.O. Firstov, and M.O. Krapivka, “Influence of various factors on the properties of solid-soluble high-entropy alloys based on FCC phases,” Mater. Sci., 59, 1–7 (2023).
Z. Wang, Q. Fang, J. Li, B. Liu, and Y. Liu, “Effect of lattice distortion on solid solution strengthening of BCC high-entropy alloys,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 34, 349–354 (2018).
C. Lee, G. Song, M.C. Gao, R. Feng, P. Chen, J. Brechtl, Y. Chen, K. An, W. Guo, D. Poplawsky, S. Li, A.T. Samaei, W. Chen, A. Hu, H. Choo, and P.K. Liaw, “Lattice distortion in a strong and ductile refractory high-entropy alloy,” Acta Mater., 160, No. 6, 158–172 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.08.053.
F. Otto, Y. Yang, H. Bei, and E.P. George, “Relative effects of enthalpy and entropy on the phase stability of equiatomic high entropy alloys,” Acta Mater., 61, 2628–2638 (2013).
V.F. Gorban, M.O. Krapivka, S.O. Firstov, and D.V. Kurilenko, “Contribution of mixing enthalpy to the mechanical properties of solid-solution high-entropy alloys,” Elektron. Mikrosk. Mitsn. Mater., 12, No. 25, 8–16 (2019).
X. Feng, G. Tang, M. Sun, X. Ma, L. Wang, and K. Yukimura, “Structure and properties of multi-targets magnetron sputtered ZrNbTaTiW multi-elements alloy thin films,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 228, S424–S427 (2013).
L.R. Shaginyan, V.F. Gorban, N.A. Krapivka, and S.A. Firstov, “Properties of coatings of the Al–Cr–Fe–Co–Ni–Cu–V high entropy alloy produced by the magnetron sputtering,” J. Superhard Mater., 38, No. 1, 25–33 (2016).
D.-Ch. Tsai, F.-Sh. Shieu, Sh.-Y. Chang, H.-Ch. Yao, and M.-J. Deng, “Structures and characterizations of TiVCr and TiVCrZrY films deposited by magnetron sputtering under different bias powers,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, No. 3, K52–K58 (2010).
V.F. Gorban’, R.A. Shaginyan, N.A. Krapivka, S.A. Firstov, N.I. Danilenko, and I.V. Serdyuk, “Superhard vacuum coatings based on high-entropy alloys,” Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 54, No. 11, 725–730 (2016).
T.K. Chen, M.S. Wong, T.T. Shun, and J.W. Yeh, “Nanostructured nitride films of multi-element high-entropy alloys by reactive DC sputtering,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 200, No. 5–6, 1361–1365 (2005).
S.A. Firstov, A.A. Andreev, V.F. Gorban, N.I. Danilenko, N.A. Krapivka, and V.A. Stolbovoy, “New class of superhard nitride coatings based on multicomponent high-entropy alloys,” in: Proc. Int. Conf. Nanotechnologies of Functional Materials (June 27–29, 2012), Saint Petersburg (2012), pp. 572–577.
Sh.-Yi Chang, Sh.-Y. Lin, Yi-Ch. Huang, and Ch.-L. Wu, “Mechanical properties, deformation behaviors and interface adhesion of (AlCeTaTiCr)Nx multicomponent coatings,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 204, No. 20, 3307–3314 (2010).
Ch.-H. Lai, S.-J. Lin, L.-W. Yen, and Sh.-Y. Chang, “Preparation and characterization of AlCrTaTiZr multi-element nitride coatings,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 3275–3280 (2006).
P.-K. Huang and Ji.-W. Yeh, “Inhibition of grain coarsening up to 1000°C in (AlCrNbSiTiV)N superhard coatings,” Scr. Mater., 62, 105–108 (2010).
M. Draic, V. Draic, M. Baleceani, and S.N. Zoita, “Characteristics of (TiAlCrNbY)C films deposited by magnetron sputtering,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 204, 2011–2014 (2010).
J.J. Zhou, J.J. Zhanga, F. Zhanga, B. Niua, L. Leia, and W. Wanga, “High-entropy carbide: a novel class of multicomponent ceramics,” Ceram. Int., 44, 22014–22018 (2018).
Ta-Kun Chen and Ming-Show Wong, “Thermal stability of hard transparent AlxCoCrCuFeNi oxide thin films,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 203, 495–500 (2008).
Miao-I. Lin, Ming-Hung Tsai, Wan-Jui Shen, and Jien-Wei Yeh, “Evolution of structure and properties of multi-component (AlCrTaTiZr)Ox films,” Thin Solid Films, 518, 2732–2737 (2010).
A.A. Andreev, L.P. Sablev, V.M. Shulaev, and S.N. Grigoriev, Vacuum Arc Devices and Coatings [in Russian], NSC KIPT, Kharkiv (2005), p. 236.
A.A. Andreev, L.P. Sablev, and S.N. Grigoriev, Vacuum Arc Coatings [in Russian], NSC KIPT, Kharkiv (2010), p. 318.
V.F. Gorban and E.P. Pechkovskii, “Instrumented indentation for determining the structural state of materials,” Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 49, No. 7–8, 424–429 (2010).
V.F. Gorban’, N.A. Krapivka, and S.A. Firstov, “High-entropy alloys: Interrelations between electron concentration, phase composition, lattice parameter, and properties,” Phys. Met. Metall., 118, No. 10, 970–981 (2017).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Poroshkova Metallurgiya, Vol. 62, Nos. 7–8 (552), pp. 110–123, 2023.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gorban, V.F., Andreev, A.A., Stolbovy, V.A. et al. Properties of Metal, Nitride, Oxide, and Carbide Coatings Produced from High-Entropy Alloys. Powder Metall Met Ceram 62, 469–480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-024-00408-6
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-024-00408-6