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Analysis of spatio-temporal variability of groundwater storage in Ethiopia using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data

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Abstract

The spatio-temporal variability of groundwater storage cannot be well understood without proper groundwater monitoring schemes. Since 2002, the launch of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Satellite (GRACE) mission has served to monitor Groundwater Storage Anomaly (GWSA) and filled the observational data gap on a regional scale. This study aimed to estimate the spatio-temporal GWSA in Ethiopia using GRACE satellite data. GWSA was calculated by disaggregating GRACE estimation of Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) using auxiliary soil moisture and surface runoff data obtained from the Global Land Data Assimilation System. GWSA was decomposed using the Seasonal-Trend decomposition method, LOESS (STL). The results depicted an increasing variability of TWSA and GWSA over various regions of the country. Ethiopia experienced an increase in TWSA (3.8 mm yr−1) and GWSA (4.6 mm yr−1) between the years 2003 and 2021, with GWSA contributing primarily to the TWSA. Greater contributions to the rise in groundwater storage come from the Rift Valley, Omo Gibe, Baro Akobo, and a portion of the Genale Dawa, Awash, and Wabi Shebelle Basins. Except for the lowlands (Northwestern, Northeastern and Southeastern), most regions showed an average increase in GWSA per annum at varying rates. Precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration have a significant influence on the spatial variability of GWSA. The impact of precipitation on GWSA reached its maximum after a 2-month lag (correlation coefficient (R) = 0.62). GRACE captured the seasonal GWSA of Ethiopia reasonably well and can be used as a guide for a more detailed evaluation of the groundwater potential.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dire Dawa University for the financial grant for the first author related to his master’s thesis at Addis Ababa University. We sincerely thank the Center for Space Research at the University of Texas at Austin for providing GRACE CSR RL06 Mascon solution. The GLDAS data including soil moisture storage and surface runoff used in this study are acquired as part of the mission of NASA’s Earth Science Division and archived and distributed by the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC).

Funding

This study was supported by Dire Dawa University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

    Kassahun Aweke Arega

  2. School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Kassahun Aweke Arega, Behailu Birhanu, Binyam Tesfaw Hailu & Dessie Nedaw

  3. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Sciences and Technology, Shenzhen, China

    Shoaib Ali

  4. Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, 8001, Australia

    Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq

  5. World Resources Institute, 10 G Street NE Suite 800, Washington, DC, 20002, USA

    Zablon Adane

Authors
  1. Kassahun Aweke Arega
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  2. Behailu Birhanu
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  3. Shoaib Ali
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  4. Binyam Tesfaw Hailu
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  5. Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq
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  6. Zablon Adane
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  7. Dessie Nedaw
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Contributions

Kassahun Aweke Arega and Behailu Birhanu: conceptualization, data analysis, and writing of the manuscript. Kassahun Aweke Arega and Shoaib Ali: satellite data computation, writing, and editing. The other authors reviewed and modified the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kassahun Aweke Arega.

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Arega, K.A., Birhanu, B., Ali, S. et al. Analysis of spatio-temporal variability of groundwater storage in Ethiopia using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data. Environ Earth Sci 83, 206 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11508-2

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