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Utilizing a Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor: Assessing Air Pollutant Concentrations and Risks Using Low-Cost Sensors in Selangor, Malaysia

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Abstract

This study delves into nocturnal air quality, focusing on carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), surface ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM2.5), in contrasting areas of Banting, Selangor: the rural-industrial Olak Lempit and the rural Bukit Changgang. Employing AiRBOXSense, a rigorously calibrated low-cost sensor in Olak Lempit, alongside data from the Continuous Air Quality Monitoring System (CAQMS) in Bukit Changgang, we provide a comparative analysis of nocturnal versus diurnal air quality. The results reveal higher nocturnal pollutant levels in Olak Lempit, with peak concentrations of 60 ppb for O3, 283.18 ppb for NO2, and 46.16 ppb for CO. In contrast, Bukit Changgang showed lower levels of these pollutants, except for CO and PM2.5. Significantly, CO levels were higher in Bukit Changgang, with values ranging from 349.45 to 805.49 ppb, compared to 156.31 to 344.07 ppb in Olak Lempit. The weak correlation between pollutants and meteorological factors in Olak Lempit indicates local emissions as the primary contributor to increased nocturnal pollutants. This study highlights the distinct patterns of nocturnal air quality in different settings and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive nocturnal air pollution monitoring, reinforced using calibrated sensors, for effective environmental health management.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to authorship reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors and are aware that with minor exceptions, no changes can be made to authorship once the paper is submitted.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the community of Olak Lempit in Banting, Selangor for allowing us to perform air sampling in Olak Lempit. The study is supported by Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation of Malaysia (MOSTI): Technology Development Fund 1(TeD 1) with grant number TDF04211364 led by Prof Dr. Mohd Talib Latif. In addition, Shubhankar Majumdar want to give credit to the ASEAN-India Science and Technology Collaboration (AISTIC) Funding from the Department of Science and Technology, India (CRD/2020/000320) for providing financial supports for sensors installation.

Funding

ASEAN-India Science and Technology Collaboration (AISTIC) Funding from the Department of Science and Technology, India (CRD/2020/000320).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Zaki Khaslan, Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir, Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari, Utbah Rabuan & Brentha Murugan

  2. Global Public Health, Jefrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    Hamimatunnisa Johar

  3. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Hamimatunnisa Johar

  4. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA

    Zhang Siqi

  5. School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nor Azura Sulong

  6. Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Faizal Mohamed

  7. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India

    Shubhankar Majumdar & Jintu Borah

  8. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Fatin Nur Afiqah Suris, Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar & Noratiqah Mohd Ariff

  9. Institute of Climate Change, Earth Observatory Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Maggie Ooi Chel Gee

  10. Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Diagnostic Science and Applied Health, Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Muhammad Ikram A. Wahab

  11. School of Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing Informatics and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie Mohamad Japeri

  12. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, IAS Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor

  13. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Sawal Hamid Md Ali

  14. Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of Philippines, J3XC+74J, P. Velasquez Street, Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines

    Mylene G. Cayetano

Authors
  1. Zaki Khaslan
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  2. Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
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  20. Mylene G. Cayetano
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Contributions

Conceptualization, Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir, Zaki Khaslan, Shubhankar Majumdar, Hamimatunnisa Johar, Maggie Ooi Chel Gee, Nor Azura Sulong and Hamimatunnisa Johar; Methodology, Zaki Khaslan, Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir, Faizal Mohamed, Fatin Nur Afiqah Suris, Zhang Siqi, Utbah Rabuan and Muhammad Ikram A Wahab; Software, Jintu Borah, Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar, Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor and Utbah Rabuan; Validation, Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie Mohamad Japeri, Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari; Data curation, Sawal Hamid Md Ali, Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid; Writing original draft preparation, Zaki Khaslan and Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir; writing review and editing, Brentha Murugan, Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir, Shubhankar Majumdar and Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari and Mylene G Cayetano; Funding acquisition, Faizal Mohamed and Shubhankar Majumdar. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir.

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Khaslan, Z., Nadzir, M.S.M., Johar, H. et al. Utilizing a Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor: Assessing Air Pollutant Concentrations and Risks Using Low-Cost Sensors in Selangor, Malaysia. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 229 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07012-9

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