Design guidelines for a high-performance hard carbon anode in sodium ion batteries

Jong Chan Hyun; Hyeong Min Jin; Jin Hwan Kwak; Son Ha; Dong Hyuk Kang; Hyun Soo Kim; Sion Kim; Minhyuck Park; Chan Yeol Kim; Juhee Yoon; Ji Sung Park; Ji-Young Kim; Hee-Dae Lim; Se Youn Cho; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Young Soo Yun

doi:10.1039/D4EE00315B

Design guidelines for a high-performance hard carbon anode in sodium ion batteries†

Jong Chan Hyun,‡^a Hyeong Min Jin,

‡^bc Jin Hwan Kwak,^d Son Ha,^a Dong Hyuk Kang,^a Hyun Soo Kim,^a Sion Kim,^a Minhyuck Park,^a Chan Yeol Kim,^a Juhee Yoon,^e Ji Sung Park,^bc Ji-Young Kim,^f Hee-Dae Lim,

^g Se Youn Cho,^h Hyoung-Joon Jin^e and Young Soo Yun

*^adi

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
E-mail: c-ysyun@korea.ac.kr

^b Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea

^c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea

^d Energy Storage Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, 14-gil, Hwaraong-ro, Seoul 02792, South Korea

^e Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea

^f Advanced Analysis & Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea

^g Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea

^h Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju, Jeollabukdo 55324, South Korea

ⁱ Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea

Abstract

Unclear information on materials design significantly hinders the construction of enhanced hard carbon anodes with high sodium plateau capacities (SPCs). The pore volume ratio of hard carbon imposes thermodynamic limitations on the theoretical sodium plateau capacities (T-SPCs); however, relying solely on its pore structures is not sufficient to predict the practicable SPCs. This study entailed an investigation of a key kinetic parameter of hard carbons that mainly affects the coefficient of capacity utilization (CCU) of SPCs by using a series of polymeric hard carbons (PHCs) with different microstructures. A systematic study revealed a close relationship between the 2D to G band intensity ratio (I_2D/I_G) in the Raman spectrum and the internal kinetic barrier for sodium-ion transfer. On the basis of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, the structural indicator referred to as the SPC factor was devised to characterize the CCU for SPCs. The SPC factor clearly describes an optimal hard carbon anode as one that possesses a high closed pore volume ratio and low I_2D/I_G value. The highest SPC of ∼400 mA h g⁻¹ was achieved through simple microstructural tuning of the PHCs, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed design guidelines for a high-performance hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries.

Energy & Environmental Science

Design guidelines for a high-performance hard carbon anode in sodium ion batteries†

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