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Inhibition of Monkeypox Virus DNA Polymerase Using Moringa oleifera Phytochemicals: Computational Studies of Drug-Likeness, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Density Functional Theory

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Abstract

The emergence of zoonotic monkeypox (MPX) disease, caused by the double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV), has become a global threat. Due to unavailability of a specific small molecule drug for MPX, this study investigated Moringa oleifera phytochemicals to find potent and safe inhibitors of DNA Polymerase (DNA Pol), a poxvirus drug target due to its role in the viral life cycle. For that, 146 phytochemicals were screened through drug-likeness and molecular docking analyses. Among these, 136 compounds exhibited drug-like properties, with Gossypetin showing the highest binding affinity (− 7.8 kcal/mol), followed by Riboflavin (− 7.6 kcal/mol) and Ellagic acid (− 7.6 kcal/mol). In comparison, the control drugs Cidofovir and Brincidofovir displayed lower binding affinities, with binding energies of − 6.0 kcal/mol and − 5.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were the main non-bond interactions between inhibitors and protein active site. The identified compounds were further evaluated using molecular dynamics simulation, density functional theory analysis and ADMET analysis. Molecular dynamics simulations conducted over 200 ns revealed that DNA Pol-Gossypetin complex was not stable, however, Riboflavin and Ellagic acid complexes showed excellent stability indicating them as better DNA Pol inhibitors. The density functional theory analysis exhibited the chemical reactivity of these inhibitor compounds. The ADMET analysis suggested that the top phytochemicals were safe and showed no toxicity. In conclusion, this study has identified Riboflavin and Ellagic acid as potential DNA Pol inhibitors to control MPXV. Further experimental assays and clinical trials are needed to confirm their activity against the disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Muhammad Abrar Yousaf

  2. Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Saraswathy Thangavelu Extension Centre, A Research Centre of University of Kerala, KSCSTE-Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India

    Shefin Basheera & Sreekumar Sivanandan

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  1. Muhammad Abrar Yousaf
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Contributions

The authors' contributions to this study are as follows: MAY conceptualized and designed the research; conducted molecular docking, density functional theory and ADMET analysis; and prepared the original draft. SB and SS executed the molecular dynamics simulation.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Abrar Yousaf.

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Yousaf, M.A., Basheera, S. & Sivanandan, S. Inhibition of Monkeypox Virus DNA Polymerase Using Moringa oleifera Phytochemicals: Computational Studies of Drug-Likeness, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Density Functional Theory. Indian J Microbiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01244-3

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