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A Review of EPR and Magnetization Investigations of Doped Nanoparticles of Transition Metal Oxides and SiCN: Functional Materials and Spintronic Devices

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Abstract

Recent EPR and magnetization measurements of the properties of nano-particles of dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) of metal oxides and SiCN, doped with transition metal ions, are reviewed. This includes SnO2 doped with Co2+, Fe3+, Cr3+ ions; CeO2 doped with Ni2+, Co2+ ions; ZnO doped with Co2+, Fe3+ ions TiO2 doped with Fe3+ ions, together with SiCN nanoceramics, doped with transition metal ions Fe3+, Mn2+. They reveal that the method of synthesis, surface properties, oxygen vacancies, and size of the nanoparticles are important factors that determine the magnetic properties, and thus the EPR spectra, of metal oxide nanostructured particles. There is a coexistence of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases in metal oxides. The oxygen vacancies are responsible for their ferromagnetism. The measured saturation magnetization of metal oxides is found to depend both on the doping level of impurities and annealing temperature. The undoped metal oxide nanoparticles are also found to exhibit ferromagnetism due to oxygen vacancies. These properties imply that they are potentially suitable to be developed as functional spintronic materials due to their extraordinary combination of ferromagnetism at room temperature and tunable conductivity. The EPR measurements on Fe- and Mn-doped SiCN samples, annealed at various temperatures, revealed that they were superparamagnetic; as well, their EPR spectra depended significantly on the sizes of the nanoparticles. As for field cooling (FC) and zero-field cooling (ZFC) magnetization measurements on Fe-doped SiCN samples, it was found that the difference between the ZFC and FC magnetizations decreased with the increasing annealing temperatures of the samples, implying that the homogeneity in the distribution of the sizes of nanoparticles increased with increasing annealing temperature This result can be exploited for practical applications of Fe-doped SiCN nanoceramics as functional materials by synthesizing its samples by annealing at temperatures even higher than 1400 °C, the highest annealing temperature of all the samples investigated here.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

SKM is grateful to NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada) for partial financial support.

Funding

This work was partially supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant No. A4438).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada

    Sushil K. Misra

  2. Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russia

    Sergey I. Andronenko

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SKM and SIA discussed the relevant material from the published papers to be included in this article and contributed equally to the preparation of the final manuscript.

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A note about John Pilbrow: I (SKM) first met John Pilbrow at a Rocky Mountain conference on EPR in 1980s. He invited me to have lunch together to discuss our respective research work in EPR. Since then I had the pleasure of meeting him at several other conferences, developing our friendship. I was fascinated by his amiable, soft spoken and humble personality. This led to my spending three months of sabbatical at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria (Australia) from January to April, 1997, during which I collaborated with him using his new Bruker pulsed X-band spectrometer, investigating spin-lattice relaxation in samples, among others, of Piklington glass that he had, which led to a joint publication in Phys. Rev. B. During my sojourn at Monash I had lunch with him almost every day. Apart from academic collaboration, I became a family friend, getting to know his children and grandchildren. I am delighted to contribute this article on the occasion of his 85th birthday.

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Misra, S.K., Andronenko, S.I. A Review of EPR and Magnetization Investigations of Doped Nanoparticles of Transition Metal Oxides and SiCN: Functional Materials and Spintronic Devices. Appl Magn Reson (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-024-01648-w

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