Abstract
While promoting entrepreneurship to address unemployment among educated youth, states have predominantly emphasized physical resources, neglecting the crucial focus on psychological attributes, especially in India. Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is acknowledged as a vital psychological factor in entrepreneurial behavior, but previous research has primarily examined EI among students, leaving a gap in understanding its dynamics among a more relevant sample—entrepreneurs or aspiring entrepreneurs. Motivated by this gap, the present study explores the association of psychological attributes influencing EI in budding entrepreneurs and examines the differences in attributes between budding entrepreneurs and students not inclined towards entrepreneurship. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 83 budding entrepreneurs and 769 students (not inclined towards entrepreneurship) selected from various engineering colleges in Punjab, India. The study used standardized questionnaires to measure various attributes of interest such as EI, entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), emotional intelligence, cognitive flexibility, internal locus of control, risk-propensity (RP), conscientiousness, and mindset. The collected data underwent analysis through correlation, t-tests, and regression analysis. The results revealed a significant association of EI with all identified variables among budding entrepreneurs. However, differences in mean scores between budding entrepreneurs and students were observed only on questionnaires related to RP, ESE, EI, and prevention-focus. In regression analysis, taking RP, ESE, and prevention focus as predictors of EI, the results revealed that 38% of the variance in EI could be attributed to these factors, with ESE emerging as the most significant predictor. This study underscores the importance of fostering ESE among students, suggesting its significant contribution to the development of higher EI. Policymakers in the field of entrepreneurship promotion may find these outcomes valuable, explore them further, and advocate for interventions targeting ESE among students.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Antončič, B., & Auer Antončič, J. (2023). Psychological and sociological determinants of entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1076768. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1076768
Arkorful, H., & Hilton, S. K. (2022). Locus of control and entrepreneurial intention: A study in a developing economy. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 38(2), 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-04-2020-0051
Asante, E. A., & Affum-Osei, E. (2019). Entrepreneurship as a career choice: The impact of locus of control on aspiring entrepreneurs’ opportunity recognition. Journal of Business Research, 98, 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.006
Auna, M. S. S. (2020). Locus of control and self-Efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions in the Digital Age. Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.061
Awwad, M. S., & Al-Aseer, R. M. N. (2021). Big five personality traits impact on entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-09-2020-0136
Bakry, D. S., Daim, T., Dabic, M., & Yesilada, B. (2022). An evaluation of the effectiveness of innovation ecosystems in facilitating the adoption of sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2022.2088775.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 154–196). Guilford Press.
Basuroy, T. (2022). Unemployment rate across India in 2021, by maximum education level. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1001039/india-unemployment-rate-by-education-level/
Belchior, R. F., & Lyons, R. (2021). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions, nascent entrepreneurial behavior and new business creation with social cognitive career theory–A 5-year longitudinal analysis. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(4), 1945–1972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-021-00745-7
Biraglia, A., & Kadile, V. (2017). The role of entrepreneurial passion and creativity in developing entrepreneurial intentions: Insights from American homebrewers. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12242
Biswas, A., & Verma, R. K. (2021). Engine of entrepreneurial intentions: Revisiting personality traits with entrepreneurial education. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 29(6), 2019–2044. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-11-2020-0607
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.007
Brockner, J., Higgins, E. T., & Low, M. B. (2004). Regulatory focus theory and the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00007-7
Burnette, J. L., Pollack, J. M., Forsyth, R. B., Hoyt, C. L., Babij, A. D., Thomas, F. N., & Coy, A. E. (2020). A growth mindset intervention: Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy and career development. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44(5), 878–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258719864293
Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., & Kritikos, A. S. (2014). Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self-employed. Small Business Economics, 42, 787–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9514-8
Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 1(3), 297–301. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4439.6326
Chhabra, S., Raghunathan, R., & Rao, N. M. (2020). The antecedents of entrepreneurial intention among women entrepreneurs in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 76–92.
Conejo, F. J., Khuntia, J., & Parthasarathy, M. (2023). Towards more specific personality research in entrepreneurship: Relating conscientiousness facets to venture performance. Revista Nacional de Administración, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.22458/rna.v14i1.4783
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343
De Noble, A. F., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 1999(1), 73–87. https://fusionmx.babson.edu/entrep/fer/papers99/I/I_C/IC.html
Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
Dheer, R. J., & Lenartowicz, T. (2019). Cognitive flexibility: Impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 115, 103339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103339
Engle, D. E., Mah, J. J., & Sadri, G. (1997). An empirical comparison of entrepreneurs and employees: Implications for innovation. Creativity Research Journal, 10(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1001_5
Fernández-Pérez, V., Montes-Merino, A., Rodríguez-Ariza, L., & Galicia, P. E. A. (2019). Emotional competencies and cognitive antecedents in shaping student’s entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of entrepreneurship education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15, 281–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0438-7
Gao, S. Y., & Huang, J. (2022). Effect of narcissistic personality on entrepreneurial intention among college students: Mediation role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 774510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774510
George, J. M. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53(8), 1027–1055.
Gill, S. A., Bencheva, N., Karayel, S., & Usman, M. (2021). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy moderate effects of cognitive flexibility and entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 9(3), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2021.090302
Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183–211. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1992.4279530
González-López, M. J., Pérez-López, M. C., & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2021). From potential to early nascent entrepreneurship: The role of entrepreneurial competencies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(3), 1387–1417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00658-x
Gu, J., Hu, L., Wu, J., & Lado, A. A. (2018). Risk propensity, self-regulation, and entrepreneurial intention: Empirical evidence from China. Current Psychology, 37, 648–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9547-7
Gupta, M., & Pushkar. (2019). Why India should worry about its educated, but unemployed, youth. https://thewire.in/labour/why-india-should-worry-about-itseducated-but-unemployed-youth
Gurel, E., Altinay, L., & Daniele, R. (2010). Tourism students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 646–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.12.003
Gürol, Y., & Atsan, N. (2006). Entrepreneurial characteristics amongst university students: Some insights for entrepreneurship education and training in Turkey. Education+ training, 48(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610645716
Haws, K. L., Dholakia, U. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2010). An assessment of chronic regulatory focus measures. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(5), 967–982. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.47.5.967
Higgins, E. T., & Silberman, I. (1998). Development of regulatory focus: Promotion and prevention as ways of living. In J. Hechhausen & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life span (pp. 78–113). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527869.005
Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, Ö., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.27
Hisrich, R. D. (1986). The woman entrepreneur: A comparative analysis. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 7(2), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb053593
Hisrich, R. D., Langan-Fox, J., & Grant, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship research and practice: A call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62(6), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.6.575
Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2008). When does entrepreneurial self-efficacy enhance versus reduce firm performance? Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.42
Humphrey, R. H. (2013). The benefits of emotional intelligence and empathy to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 3(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2013-0057
Jiatong, W., Murad, M., Li, C., Gill, S. A., & Ashraf, S. F. (2021). Linking cognitive flexibility to entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial intention among medical students with the moderating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A second-order moderated mediation model. PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0256420. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259491
Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship education: A study of Iranian students’ entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity identification. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12137
Karoly, P. (1993). Mechanisms of self-regulation: A systems view. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 23–52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000323
Khalid, A., Bashir, M., & Saqib, S. (2018). Collective impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and risk propensity on entrepreneurial intentions; Mediating role of perceived social support. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3.21), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.21.17087
Kong, F., Zhao, L., & Tsai, C. H. (2020). The relationship between entrepreneurial intention and action: The effects of fear of failure and role model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 229. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00229
Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01790.x
Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individuals’ fit at work: A meta-analysis of person–job, person–organization, person–group, and person–supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 281–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00672.x
Krueger, N. F., Jr., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5/6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Kumar, V. (2018). Impact of emotional intelligence and gender on job satisfaction: An empirical study amongst the employees of HDFC banks in Chandigarh Trinity, India. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 4(2), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.42.2002
Kung, F. Y., Kim, Y. H., Yang, D. Y. J., & Cheng, S. Y. (2016). The role of regulatory fit in framing effective negative feedback across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(5), 696–712. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116638172
Kurman, J., & Hui, C. M. (2012). Cultural regulatory fit and strategies for coping with unsuccessful outcomes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1838
Lee, S., & Klein, H. J. (2002). Relationships between conscientiousness, self-efficacy, self-deception, and learning over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1175–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1175
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 47(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.36
Li, L. N., Huang, J. H., & Gao, S. Y. (2022). The relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial intention among college students: The mediating role of creativity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 822206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822206
Liao, Y. K., Nguyen, V. H. A., Chi, H. K., & Nguyen, H. H. (2022). Unraveling the direct and indirect effects of entrepreneurial education and mindset on entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of entrepreneurial passion. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 41(3), 23–40.
Linan, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross–cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Luo, Y. F., Huang, J., & Gao, S. (2022). Relationship between proactive personality and entrepreneurial intentions in college students: Mediation effects of social capital and human capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 861447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861447
Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’of an entrepreneur: Testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management, 33(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288
Markman, G. D., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Person–entrepreneurship fit: Why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00018-4
Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623–626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
Martinez, M. A., & Aldrich, H. E. (2011). Networking strategies for entrepreneurs: balancing cohesion and diversity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 17(1), 7–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551111107499
McClelland, D. C. (1961). Achieving Society, 92051. Simon and Schuster.
Mei, H., Ma, Z., Zhan, Z., Ning, W., Zuo, H., Wang, J., & Huang, Y. (2022). University students’ successive development from entrepreneurial intention to behavior: The mediating role of commitment and moderating role of family support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 859210. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859210
Miao, C., Qian, S., & Ma, D. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance: A meta-analysis of main and moderator effects. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12240
Miner, J. B., & Raju, N. S. (2004). Risk propensity differences between managers and entrepreneurs and between low- and high-growth entrepreneurs: A reply in a more conservative vein. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.3
Mishra, A., & Singh, P. (2022a). Effect of emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility on entrepreneurial intention: Mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-05-2022-0142
Mishra, A., & Singh, P. (2022b). Attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control as predictors of entrepreneurial intentions among engineering students. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 15(5), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i5/169580
Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481
Mortan, R. A., Ripoll, P., Carvalho, C., & Bernal, M. C. (2014). Effects of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy. Revista De Psicología Del Trabajo y De Las Organizaciones, 30(3), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2014.11.004
Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine-country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00039-7
Mukesh, H. V., Prabhu, N., Koodamara, N. K., Chakraborty, S., & Kamath, P. (2021). Entrepreneurial potential of students of MBA and engineering schools in the Indian context: Roles of leadership and achievement motivation. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 13(3), 782–810. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-01-2020-0025
Naktiyok, A., Nur Karabey, C., & Caglar Gulluce, A. (2010). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: The Turkish case. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6, 419–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-009-0123-6
Ndofirepi, T. M. (2020). Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: Psychological traits as mediators. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x
Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Schwarz, S., Cohen, M., & Nielsen, I. (2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A systematic review of the literature on its theoretical foundations, measurement, antecedents, and outcomes, and an agenda for future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.012
Ng, K. M., Wang, C., Zalaquett, C. P., & Bodenhorn, N. (2007). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Wong and law emotional intelligence scale in a sample of international college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 29(3/4), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-008-9051-3
Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L., & Spector, T. D. (2009). Opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur: A bivariate genetics perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110(2), 108–117.
Nungsari, M., Ngu, K., Chin, J. W., & Flanders, S. (2023). The formation of youth entrepreneurial intention in an emerging economy: The interaction between psychological traits and socioeconomic factors. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 15(2), 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2021-0312
Opoku-Antwi, G. L., Amofah, K., Nyamaah-Koffuor, K., & Yakubu, A. (2012). Entrepreneurial intention among senior high school students in the Sunyani Municipality, International Review of Management and Marketing, 2(4), 210–219. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/irmm/issue/32073/355008?publisher=http-www-cag-edu-tr-ilhan-ozturk
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2013). Self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: The mediation effect of self-regulation. Vocations and Learning, 6, 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-013-9101-9
Pinto, S., Pinto, P., Hawaldar, I. T., & Darwish, S. Z. (2020). Entrepreneurial skills and intention of graduate students for business start-ups: A survey from India. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14(3), 951–970. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3689247
Ram, D., Chandran, S., Sadar, A., & Gowdappa, B. (2019). Correlation of cognitive resilience, cognitive flexibility and impulsivity in attempted suicide. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41(4), 362–367. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_189_18
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701595438
Roy, R., & Das, N. (2022). Exploring entrepreneurial intention among engineering students in India: A multiple basket approach. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-020-09596-9
Salameh, A. A., Akhtar, H., Gul, R., Omar, A. B., & Hanif, S. (2022). Personality traits and entrepreneurial intentions: Financial risk-taking as mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 927718. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927718
Samydevan, V., Mohd Amin, M. R. B., & Piaralal, S. K. (2020). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among school students in Malaysia: An empirical study. Journal of Education for Business, 96(6), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2020.1837057
Sánchez, J. C., & Hernández-Sánchez, B. (2014). Gender, personal traits, and entrepreneurial intentions. Business and Management Research, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v3n1p31
Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550510580834
Setiawan, J. L. (2014). Examining entrepreneurial self-efficacy among students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.431
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.
Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00016-3
Sitkin, S. B., & Weingart, L. R. (1995). Determinants of risky decision-making behavior: A test of the mediating role of risk perceptions and propensity. Academy of Management Journal, 38(6), 1573–1592. https://doi.org/10.5465/256844
Slovic, P. (1972). Psychological study of human judgment: Implications for investment decision making. The Journal of Finance, 27(4), 779–799. https://doi.org/10.2307/2978668
Srivastava, S., & Misra, R. (2017). Exploring antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions of young women in India: A multi-method analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(2), 181–206. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2016-0012
Sumathi, I. (2020). Investigating the impact of motivations in entrepreneurial intention among women entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Management (IJM), 11(12), 4302–4309. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/S475B
Summerville, A., & Roese, N. J. (2008). Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus: A cautionary note. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.05.005
Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of some an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Jyoti. (2020). The effect of emotional intelligence, empathy and perceived social pressure on predicting social entrepreneurial intention: A field research. In S. Majumdar, & E. Reji (Eds.), Methodological Issues in Social Entrepreneurship Knowledge and Practice (pp. 137–158). Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9769-1_8
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). An empirical analysis of the factors affecting social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 7, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-017-0067-1
Tumasjan, A., & Braun, R. (2012). In the eye of the beholder: How regulatory focus and self-efficacy interact in influencing opportunity recognition. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(6), 622–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.08.001
Voda, A. I., & Florea, N. (2019). Impact of personality traits and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students. Sustainability, 11(4), 1192. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041192
Wei, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020). How does entrepreneurial self-efficacy influence innovation behavior? Exploring the mechanism of job satisfaction and Zhongyong thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 708. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00708
Wong, C.-S., & Law, K. S. (2002). Wong and law emotional intelligence scale. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
Yangailo, T., & Qutieshat, A. (2022). Uncovering dominant characteristics for entrepreneurial intention and success in the last decade: Systematic literature review. Entrepreneurship Education, 5(2), 145–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41959-022-00073-z
Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009). On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 15(6), 595–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910995452
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309335187
Funding
No funding was received for the present study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
The study was approved by the Institute Ethics Committee of the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar. The research reported in the manuscript was conducted in accordance with general ethical guidelines in psychology. Ethics clearance was provided by the Institute’s Ethics Committee (Human).
Ethical Consideration
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and has been approved by the Institute ethics committee (Approval number- P/08/2021-I/IIT/IEC).
Consent to Participate
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Consent for Publication
No identifying information is included in the manuscript.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, P., Mishra, A. Convergence and Contrast: An Investigation into the Psychological Attributes of Budding Entrepreneurs. J Knowl Econ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01921-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01921-0