Abstract
In this work, we have designed an ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (UD-WDM) system for 400 channels with a bit rate of 100 Gb/s per channel based on the high spectral efficient modulation techniques such as differential phase shift keying (DPSK), differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) and dual-polarized quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK). The performance of all the three modulation techniques has investigated for varying channel spacings of 25 GHz, 50 GHz, 75 GHz and 100 GHz. The performance parameters such as bit error rate (BER), quality factor (Q-factor), received cross-talk and eye closure have analyzed with variation in transmission distance and applied input power. It has also observed from the simulation results that the DP-QPSK modulation technique serves the best performance among all three modulation techniques in terms of BER, Q-factor, received cross-talk and eye closure due to its high tolerance towards linear and nonlinear effects for all the four channel spacings of 25 GHz, 50 GHz, 75 GHz and 100 GHz. Although, the DP-QPSK modulation techniques outperformed for all the four channel spacings but the maximum performance has reported for channel spacing of 100 GHz. The maximum Q-factor of 19.6 dB, the minimum BER of around 10–15 and minimum eye closure of 0.94 dB have reported for DP-QPSK modulation technique for a distance of 100 to 800 km for 100 GHz channel spacing. Also, the maximum quality factor of 18.3 dB and minimum received cross-talk of −9 dB is reported when analyzed for applied input power for 100 GHz channel spacing.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of Data and Material
Appropriate data are given in proposal & others maintained with author for further process.
Code Availability
Not given in paper & available with authors for follow up & continuation of work.
References
Agrawal, G. P. (2002). Fiber optic communication systems (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Kumar, C., & Kumar, G. (2019). Impact of adaptive modulated OOFM signals for SD-WDM system using HOA. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 125(3), 1–5.
Okamura, K., Mori, Y., & Hasegawa, H. (2021, April). Pre-filtering techniques for spectrum narrowing caused by optical node traversal in ultra-dense WDM networks. IEEE Photonics Journal, 13(2), 1–13, Art no. 7200513.
Kumar, G., & Kumar, S. (2021). Effect of different channel spacings for DWDM system using optical amplifiers. National Academy Science Letters, 44, 415–418.
Chen, Y.-W., Yi, S., Ling, G., West, B., Zhao, L., & Way, W. I. (2022). Real-time demonstration of 75 GHz-spaced DWDM single-carrier 400G CFP2-DCO over 1500 km. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 40(5), 1375–1381.
Sharma, D., & PrajapatiTripathi, Y. K. R. (2020). Success journey of coherent PM-QPSK technique with its variants: A survey. IETE Technical Review, 37(1), 36–55.
Sheetal, A., Sharma, A. K., & Kaler, R. S. (2010). Simulation of high capacity 40 Gb/s long haul DWDM system using different modulation formats and dispersion compensation schemes in the presence of Kerr’s effect. Optik, 121, 739–749.
Akanbi, O., Yu, J., Yeo, Y.-K., Bing, B., & Chang, G. (2005). Bidirectional DPSK transmission of 16 × 10-Gb/s DWDM channels over 80-km SMF-28 using semiconductor optical amplifiers. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters., 46, 525–527.
Islam, M., Ahmed, N., Ali, S., Aljunid, S. A., Ahmed, B. B., & Sayeed, S. (2016). Design new hybrid system using differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation technique for optical access network. In 2016 3rd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED), IEEE, pp. 395–399.
Khan, M. A. R., Faruque, T., & Faisal, M. (2014). Performance limitations of 40-Gb/S RZ-DPSK DWDM systems due to nonlinear effects and their mitigation. International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 3(5), 343–348.
Zhang, T., Sanchez, C., Sygletos, S., Sadeghioon, L., McCarthy, M., & Ellis, A. A. (2017). High-sensitivity coherent receiver without frequency recovery enabled by doubly differential QPSK. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Jose, CA, pp. 1–2.
Chowdhury, A., Ming-Fang, H., Zhensheng, J., Jianjun, Y., Younce, R., & Chang, G. (2008). 10×100-Gb/s transmissions using optical carrier suppression and separation technique and RZ-DQPSK modulation for metro-ethernet transport system. In 21st Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, Acapulco, pp. 479–480.
Chen, X., Horche, P. R., & Minguez, A. M. (2015). Analysis of optical signal impairment induced by different types of optical filters in 40 Gbps DQPSK and 100 Gbps PM-DQPSK systems. Optical Fiber Technology, 22, 113–120.
Sharan, L., Agrawal, V. M., & Chaubey, V. K. (2016). Link optimization and performance analysis of a 40 Gbps DQPSK modulated ultra DWDM system with 32 orthogonally polarized channels. Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, 15(4), 349–364.
Kassegne, D., Singh, S., Ouro‐Djobo, S. S., Mao, B‐M. (2019). Influence of nonlinear effects on 6.4Tb/s dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying modulated dense wavelength division multiplexed system. International Journal of Communication Systems, 32, e4021.
Pradhan, S., Patnaik, B., & Panigrahy, R. (2018). DP-QPSK based 400 Gbps/channel fiber optic DWDM system. In 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Applied Sciences (ICETAS), pp. 1–5.
Sharma, N., Agrawal, S., & Kapoor, V. (2021). Performance optimization of OADM based DP-QPSK DWDM optical network with 37.5 GHz channel spacing. Journal of Optical Switching and Networking, 40, 100606, ISSN 1573-4277.
Kumar, G., & Kumar, S. (2019). Investigation of the performance of optical amplifiers for a 96 × 12 Gbps DWDM system using ultrasmall channel spacing. Photonic Network Communications, 38, 108–114.
Vasani, E., & Shah, V. (2023). An effective design of hybrid spectrum slicing WDM–PDM in FSO communication system under different weather conditions. Wireless Personal Communications, 130(2), 777–800.
Singh, M., Malhotra, J., Atieh, A., El-Khozondar, H. J., & Dhasarathan, V. (2021). Performance investigation of 1.6 Tbps hybrid WDM-PDM-OFDM-based free space optics transmission link. Wireless Personal Communications, 117, 2285–2309.
Singh, M., & Malhotra, J. (2021). Development and performance investigation of a single-channel 160 Gbps free space optics transmission link using higher order modulation scheme. Wireless Personal Communications, 118, 663–678.
Thakur, A., Nagpal, S., & Gupta, A. (2018). A performance enhancement and high speed spectrum sliced free space optical system. Wireless Personal Communications, 100, 1775–1789.
Kumari, M., Sheetal, A., & Sharma, R. (2021). Performance analysis of a full-duplex TWDM-PON using OFDM modulation with red LED visible light communication system. Wireless Personal Communications, 119, 2539–2559.
Grover, A., & Sheetal, A. (2022). 4× 2× 20 Gbit/s-40 GHz hybrid spectrum-sliced WDM-MDM based radio over FSO transmission link under the effect of atmospheric turbulence. Wireless Personal Communications, 125(3), 2737–2752.
Krithiga, S., Bhaskar, V., Malarvizhi, S., & Singh, V. (2021). Noise reduction in VCSEL based wavelength division multiplexing system. Wireless Personal Communications, 119(4), 3383–3397.
Boobalan, S., Prakash, S. A., Angurala, M., Malhotra, J., & Singh, M. (2022). Performance enhancement of 3× 20 Gbit/s MDM-based OFDM-FSO system. Wireless Personal Communications, 1–29.
Pakdel, H., Jahanshahi, M., & Fotohi, R. (2022). An approach to environmental monitoring in sparse linear wireless sensor networks for energy conservation using dual sinks. Wireless Personal Communications, 126(1), 635–663.
Wan, X., Chen, Z., Shen, L., & Yang, Z. (2020). Comment on “Improved DV-hop algorithm using locally weighted linear regression in anisotropic wireless sensor networks.” Wireless Personal Communications, 114, 1449–1451.
Njoya, A. N., Ari, A. A. A., Nana Awa, M., Titouna, C., Labraoui, N., Effa, J. Y., Abdou, W., & Gueroui, A. (2020). Hybrid wireless sensors deployment scheme with connectivity and coverage maintaining in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 112, 1893–1917.
Keramatpour, A., Nikanjam, A., & Ghaffarian, H. (2017). Deployment of wireless intrusion detection systems to provide the most possible coverage in wireless sensor networks without infrastructures. Wireless Personal Communications, 96, 3965–3978.
Ding, X. X., Wang, T. T., Chu, H., Liu, X., & Feng, Y. H. (2019). An enhanced cluster head selection of LEACH based on power consumption and density of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 109, 2277–2287.
Bouckaert, S., De Poorter, E., Latré, B., Hoebeke, J., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2010). Strategies and challenges for interconnecting wireless mesh and wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 53, 443–463.
Mohar, S. S., Goyal, S., & Kaur, R. (2022). Localization of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks using bat optimization algorithm with enhanced exploration and exploitation characteristics. The Journal of Supercomputing, 78(9), 11975–12023.
Liu, Y., & Li, Q. (2023). Coverage algorithm based on perceived environment around nodes in mobile wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 128(4), 2725–2740.
Indoonundon, M., & Fowdur, T. P. (2022). Enhancing the error performance of 5G new radio using hierarchical and statistical QAM. Wireless Personal Communications, 125(2), 1951–1972.
Gupta, M., Kang, A. S., & Sharma, V. (2020). Comparative study on implementation performance analysis of simulink models of cognitive radio based GFDM and UFMC techniques for 5G wireless communication. Wireless Personal Communications, 1–31.
Challa, N. R., & Bagadi, K. (2021). Design of large scale MU-MIMO system with joint precoding and detection schemes for beyond 5G wireless networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 121, 1627–1646.
Balachander, T., & Krishnan, M. M. (2021). Carrier frequency offset (CFO) synchronization and peak average power ratio (PAPR) minimization for energy efficient cognitive radio network (CRN) for 5G wireless communication. Wireless Personal Communications, 1–21.
Easwaran, U., & Krishnaveni, V. (2022). Analysis of phase noise issues in millimeter wave systems for 5G communications. Wireless Personal Communications, 126(2), 1601–1619.
Shrivastava, P. S., Malviya, U. K., Meshram, M., & Dewangan, U. S. (2022). Efficiency of ultra-dense multi-tier future cellular networks for 5g: A survey. Wireless Personal Communications, 122(4), 3269–3291.
Subalatha, M., Jayashri, S., Raja, J., & Sakthidasan @ Sankaran, K. (2021). Low complexity maximum likelihood FBMC QAM for improved performance in longer delay channels. Wireless Personal Communications, 117, 3051–3066.
Ahmed, S., Khan, Y., & Wahab, A. (2019). A review on training and blind equalization algorithms for wireless communications. Wireless Personal Communications, 108, 1759–1783.
Rajappa, A. C. J., Ramadhas, S. D., Anjaneyulu, B. M., & Kuppusamy, M. R. (2020). Golden Coded GFDM for 5G Communication. Wireless Personal Communications, 115, 2335–2348.
Dilli, R. (2022). Hybrid beamforming in 5G nr networks using multi user massive MIMO at FR2 frequency bands. Wireless Personal Communications, 127(4), 3677–3709.
Kumar, R. A., & Prasad, K. S. (2021). Performance analysis of GFDM modulation in heterogeneous network for 5G NR. Wireless Personal Communications, 116, 2299–2319.
Danandeh Mehr, A., Rikhtehgar Ghiasi, A., Yaseen, Z. M., Sorman, A. U., & Abualigah, L. (2023). A novel intelligent deep learning predictive model for meteorological drought forecasting. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 14(8), 10441–10455.
Nayak, J. R., Shaw, B., & Sahu, B. K. (2023). A fuzzy adaptive symbiotic organism search based hybrid wavelet transform-extreme learning machine model for load forecasting of power system: A case study. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 14(8), 10833–10847.
Padhi, S., Panigrahi, B. P., & Dash, D. (2020). Solving dynamic economic emission dispatch problem with uncertainty of wind and load using whale optimization algorithm. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 101, 65–78.
Bansal, S. (2021). Nature-inspired hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithms in search of near-ogrs to eliminate fwm noise signals in optical wdm systems and their performance comparison. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 102(4), 743–769.
Sengar, S., & Liu, X. (2020). Ensemble approach for short term load forecasting in wind energy system using hybrid algorithm. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11, 5297–5314.
Roy, S. S., Samui, P., Nagtode, I., Jain, H., Shivaramakrishnan, V., & Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B. (2020). Forecasting heating and cooling loads of buildings: A comparative performance analysis. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11, 1253–1264.
Dong, X., Deng, S., & Wang, D. (2022). A short-term power load forecasting method based on k-means and SVM. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13(11), 5253–5267.
Selvam, K., Vinod Kumar, D. M., & Siripuram, R. (2017). Distributed generation planning using peer enhanced multi-objective teaching–learning based optimization in distribution networks. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 98, 203–211.
Son, Y., Zhang, X., Yoon, Y., Cho, J., & Choi, S. (2023). LSTM–GAN based cloud movement prediction in satellite images for PV forecast. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 14(9), 12373–12386.
Suganya, R., & Kanagavalli, R. (2021). Gradient flow-based deep residual networks for enhancing visibility of scenery images degraded by foggy weather conditions. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 12, 1503–1516.
Gupta, V. (2023). Application of chaos theory for arrhythmia detection in pathological databases. International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics, 15(2), 191–202.
Zhao, Q. (2021). Social emotion classification of Japanese text information based on SVM and KNN. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 1–12.
Rao, A. N., Naik, R., & Devi, N. (2021). On maximizing the coverage and network lifetime in wireless sensor networks through multi-objective metaheuristics. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 102(1), 111–122.
Deshmukh, A. N., & Chandrakar, V. K. (2022). Design and performance analysis of grid-connected solar photovoltaic system with Performance Forecasting Approach (PFA). Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 103(5), 1521–1532.
Gupta, V. (2023). Wavelet transform and vector machines as emerging tools for computational medicine. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 14(4), 4595–4605.
Agarwal, A., Misra, G., & Agarwal, K. (2022). A review and analysis on Elastic Optical Networks (EONs): Concepts, recent developments and research challenges. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 103(6), 2189–2194.
Xiong, F. (2006). Digital Modulation Techniques (2nd ed). Artech House.
Binh, L. N. (2017). Optical modulation: Advanced techniques and applications in transmission systems and networks. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.
Huszaník, T., Turán, J., & Ovsenik, L. (2019). Mitigation of fiber nonlinear effects in 1.28 Tbps DQPSK modulated DWDM system. Electronics ETF, 23, 3. https://doi.org/10.7251/ELS1923003H
Li, L., Xiao-bo, G., & Jing, L. (2016). Analysis of performance for 100 Gbit/s dual-polarization QPSK modulation format system. Journal of Optical Communications, 37(1), 93–101.
Kodama, Y., Maruta, A., & Wabnitz, S. (1996). Minimum channel spacing in wavelength-division-multiplexed nonreturn-to-zero optical fiber transmissions. Optics Letters, 21, 1815–1817.
Singh, S., & Kaler, R. S. (2014). Performance evaluation and characterization of hybrid optical amplifiers for Dwdm systems at ultra narrow channel spacing. Journal of Russian Laser Research, 35, 211–218.
Wang, Y., & Lyubomirsky, I. (2010, September 15). Impact of DP-QPSK Pulse Shape in Nonlinear 100 G Transmission. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 28(18), 2750–2756.
Funding
The authors did not receive any funding from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no Conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Ethical Approval
Given instruction has been followed & accepted all terms.
Consent to Participate
Authors have consent to participate in the publication as per terms.
Consent for Publication
Authors have consent to publish the proposed paper as per terms.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Rajeev, Kumar, C. Performance Investigation of 400 × 100 Gb/s Ultra-Dense WDM System Using Different Modulation Techniques with Varying Channel Spacing. Wireless Pers Commun 134, 2203–2233 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11008-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11008-3