Abstract
This study presents an innovative approach for the reuse and recycling of waste material, brewer’s spent grain (BSG) for creating a novel green biocatalyst. The same BSG was utilized in several consecutive steps: initially, it served as a substrate for the cultivation and production of laccase by a novel isolated fungal strain, Coriolopsis trogii 2SMKN, then, it was reused as a carrier for laccase immobilization, aiding in the process of azo dye decolorization and finally, reused as recycled BSG for the second successful laccase immobilization for six guaiacol oxidation, contributing to a zero-waste strategy. The novel fungal strain produced laccase with a maximum activity of 171.4 U/g after 6 days of solid-state fermentation using BSG as a substrate. The obtained laccase exhibited excellent performance in the decolorization of azo dyes, both as a free and immobilized, at high temperatures, without addition of harmful mediators, achieving maximum decolorization efficiencies of 99.0%, 71.2%, and 61.0% for Orange G (OG), Congo Red, and Eriochrome Black T (EBT), respectively. The immobilized laccase on BSG was successfully reused across five cycles of azo dye decolorization process. Notably, new green biocatalyst outperformed commercial laccase from Aspergillus spp. in the decolorization of OG and EBT. GC-MS and LC-MS revealed azo-dye degradation products and decomposition pathway. This analysis was complemented by antimicrobial and phytotoxicity tests, which confirmed the non-toxic nature of the degradation products, indicating the potential for safe environmental disposal.
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All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information, and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Đorđe Veljović for providing the SEM analysis.
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This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 451-03-65/2024-03/200135 and 451-03-66/2024-03/200287) and National Project, Proof of Concept, Innovation Fund, Republic of Serbia, PoC5634 "Green biocatalyst for decolorization and degradation of azo dyes from industrial wastewater: a white-rot fungal laccase immobilized on recycled agro-industrial waste”.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Nevena Ilić, Slađana Davidović, Marija Milić, Jelena Lađarević, Antonije Onjia, Suzana Dimitrijević-Branković and Katarina Mihajlovski. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nevena Ilić and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ilić, N., Davidović, S., Milić, M. et al. Green biocatalyst for decolorization of azo dyes from industrial wastewater: Coriolopsis trogii 2SMKN laccase immobilized on recycled brewerʼs spent grain. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33367-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33367-x