Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Hoeritzauer I, Carson A, Statham P, Panicker JN, Granitsiotis V, Eugenicos M, Summers D, Demetriades AK, Stone J (2021) Scan-Negative Cauda Equina Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Study. Neurology 96. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011154
Hoeritzauer I, Wood M, Copley PC, Demetriades AK, Woodfield J (2020) What is the incidence of cauda equina syndrome? A systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.12.SPINE19839
Kingwell SP, Curt A, Dvorak MF (2008) Factors affecting neurological outcome in traumatic conus medullaris and cauda equina injuries. Neurosurg Focus 25:E7. https://doi.org/10.3171/FOC.2008.25.11.E7
Podnar S (2007) Epidemiology of cauda equina and conus medullaris lesions. Muscle Nerve 35:529–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20696
Joubert C, Gazzola S, Sellier A, Dagain A (2019) Acute idiopathic spinal subdural hematoma: What to do in an emergency? Neurochirurgie 65:93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2018.10.009
Pereira BJA, de Almeida AN, Muio VMF, de Oliveira JG, de Holanda CVM, Fonseca NC (2016) Predictors of Outcome in Nontraumatic Spontaneous Acute Spinal Subdural Hematoma: Case Report and Literature Review. World Neurosurg 89:574-577.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.010
Wang Y, Zheng H, Ji Y, Lu Q, Li X, Jiang X (2018) Idiopathic Spinal Subdural Hematoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 116:378–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.155
Mitwalli MY, Elmoheen A, Bashir K (2020) Acute Spontaneous Spinal Subdural Hematoma: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep 21:e922416. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.922416
Florence JM, Pandya S, King WM, Robison JD, Baty J, Miller JP, Schierbecker J, Signore LC (1992) Intrarater reliability of manual muscle test (Medical Research Council scale) grades in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. Phys Ther 72:115–122; discussion 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/72.2.115
Ditunno JF, Young W, Donovan WH, Creasey G (1994) The international standards booklet for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. Am Spinal Injury Assoc Paraplegia 32:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.1994.13
Rader JP (1955) Chronic Subdural Hematoma of the Spinal Cord: Report of a Case. N Engl J Med 253:374–376. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM195509012530906
Plotkin R, Ronthal M, Froman C (1966) Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Report of 3 cases. J Neurosurg 25:443–446. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1966.25.4.0443
Berney MJ, Gauthier G, Werner A (1967) Acute myeloradicular compression by a spontaneous subarachnoid hematoma. Neurochirurgie 13:771–773
Kreppel D, Antoniadis G, Seeling W (2003) Spinal hematoma: a literature survey with meta-analysis of 613 patients. Neurosurg Rev 26:1–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-002-0224-y
Vastani A, Mirza AB, Lavrador JP, Boardman TM, Khan MF, Malik I, Barazi S, Grahovac G (2021) Risk Factor Analysis and Surgical Outcomes of Acute Spontaneous Spinal Subdural Hematoma. An Institutional Experience of Four Cases and Literature Review. World Neurosurg 146:e384–e397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.10.096
Domenicucci M, Ramieri A, Paolini S, Russo N, Occhiogrosso G, Di Biasi C, Delfini R (2005) Spinal subarachnoid hematomas: our experience and literature review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147:741–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-004-0458-2
Morandi X, Riffaud L, Chabert E, Brassier G (2001) Acute nontraumatic spinal subdural hematomas in three patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26:E547-551. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200112010-00022
Krishnan P, Banerjee TK (2016) Classical imaging findings in spinal subdural hematoma - “Mercedes-Benz” and “Cap” signs. Br J Neurosurg 30:99–100. https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2015.1071319
Panciani PP, Cornali C, Agnoletti A, Esposito G, Ronchetti G, Fontanella M (2013) Recovery after delayed surgery in a case of spinal subdural hematoma. Case Rep Neurol Med 2013:310854. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/310854
Funding
The author received no funding for this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Not applicable.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The patient or his relatives were able to read this manuscript and its associated illustrations, and they have given their consent for publication. This work was conducted according to the declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and any of its further amendments.
Competing interests
All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Beucler, N. Spontaneous acute-onset conus medullaris or cauda equina syndrome: beware of spinal acute subdural hematoma. Neurosurg Rev 47, 183 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-024-02429-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-024-02429-6