Virtually all cell types have the same DNA, yet each type exhibits its own cell-specific pattern of gene expression. During the brief period of mitosis, the chromosomes exhibit changes in protein composition and modifications, a marked condensation, and a consequent reduction in transcription. Yet as cells exit mitosis, they reactivate their cell-specific programs with high fidelity. Initially, the field focused on the subset of transcription factors that are selectively retained in, and hence bookmark, chromatin in mitosis. However, recent studies show that many transcription factors can be retained in mitotic chromatin and that, surprisingly, such retention can be due to nonspecific chromatin binding. Here, we review the latest studies focusing on low-level transcription via promoters, rather than enhancers, as contributing to mitotic memory, as well as new insights into chromosome structure dynamics, histone modifications, cell cycle signaling, and nuclear envelope proteins that together ensure the fidelity of gene expression through a round of mitosis.

中文翻译：

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通过有丝分裂维持转录特异性

几乎所有细胞类型都具有相同的 DNA，但每种类型都表现出其自己的细胞特异性基因表达模式。在短暂的有丝分裂期间，染色体表现出蛋白质组成和修饰的变化、显着的浓缩以及随后的转录减少。然而，当细胞退出有丝分裂时，它们会以高保真度重新激活细胞特异性程序。最初，该领域关注的是有丝分裂中选择性保留在染色质中并因此标记的转录因子子集。然而，最近的研究表明，许多转录因子可以保留在有丝分裂染色质中，令人惊讶的是，这种保留可能是由于非特异性染色质结合。在这里，我们回顾了最新的研究，重点是通过启动子而不是增强子进行低水平转录，以促进有丝分裂记忆，以及对染色体结构动力学、组蛋白修饰、细胞周期信号传导和核膜蛋白的新见解，这些共同确保通过一轮有丝分裂的基因表达的保真度。