Bringing together lines of research from sentence processing and lexical access, this empirical study investigates the interplay between lexical (grammatical gender) and syntactic (word order) cross-linguistic overlap in L2 German. Eighty-six L1 Spanish-L2 German and thirty-six monolingual German adults completed a German self-paced reading task with noun phrases (NPs) manipulated by L1-L2 gender congruency (congruent, incongruent, neuter) and L1-L2 adjective-noun word order (pre- vs. postnominal adjectives). The study examines the effects of gender congruency, the type of L1-L2 gender mapping (i.e., presence vs. absence of each class in L1 and L2), and L2 proficiency level. Results show that the detection of ungrammatical word order in L2 German interacts with gender congruency, in that L2 speakers are only sensitive to word order violations for sentences with gender-congruent nouns. The detection of ungrammaticality for sentences containing gender-incongruent nouns only emerges at higher L2 proficiency levels. These findings underscore the role of cross-linguistic lexical overlap in syntactic processing.

中文翻译：

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L1-L2 词汇和句法重叠之间的相互作用：性别一致性对 L1 Spanish-L2 German speakers L2 sentence processing 的影响

本实证研究汇集了句子处理和词汇访问的研究路线，调查了二语德语中词汇（语法性别）和句法（词序）跨语言重叠之间的相互作用。86 名 L1 西班牙语-L2 德语和 36 名单语德语成年人完成了德语自定进度阅读任务，其中名词短语 (NPs) 由 L1-L2 性别一致性（一致、不一致、中性）和 L1-L2 形容词-名词操纵词序（前置与后置形容词）。该研究检查了性别一致性的影响、L1-L2 性别映射的类型（即 L1 和 L2 中每个班级的存在与不存在）以及 L2 熟练程度。结果表明，二语德语中不合语法的词序检测与性别一致性相互作用，因为 L2 说话者只对带有性别一致名词的句子的词序违规敏感。对包含性别不一致名词的句子的不合语法性的检测只会出现在较高的 L2 熟练程度。这些发现强调了跨语言词汇重叠在句法处理中的作用。