This paper studies the average and heterogeneous effects of railway access on parish-level population, income, and industrialization in Württemberg during the Industrial Revolution. We show that the growth-enhancing effect of the railway was much greater in parishes that were larger and more industrial at the outset. However, such early industrial parishes were rare in the relatively poor German state. This might explain why we find small average growth effects, which only increase at the end of the nineteenth century. Heterogeneity in the impact of the railway thus increased economic disparities within Württemberg and contributed to the state’s relatively sluggish growth.

中文翻译：

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发展中的德国经济中的铁路、增长和工业化，1829 年至 1910 年

本文研究了工业革命期间铁路接入对符腾堡教区人口、收入和工业化的平均和异质影响。我们表明，在一开始规模更大、工业化程度更高的教区，铁路的增长促进作用要大得多。然而，在相对贫穷的德国，这样早期的工业区并不多见。这或许可以解释为什么我们发现平均增长效应很小，这种效应在 19 世纪末才有所增加。因此，铁路影响的异质性增加了符腾堡内部的经济差距，并导致该州的经济增长相对缓慢。