Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease related to the central nervous system (CNS) with a significant global burden. In this illness, the immune system plays an essential role in its pathophysiology and progression. The currently available treatments are not recognized as curable options and, at best, might slow the progression of MS injuries to the CNS. However, stem cell treatment has provided a new avenue for treating MS. Stem cells may enhance CNS healing and regulate immunological responses. Likewise, stem cells can come from various sources, including adipose, neuronal, bone marrow, and embryonic tissues. Choosing the optimal cell source for stem cell therapy is still a difficult verdict. A type of stem cell known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is obtainable from different sources and has a strong immunomodulatory impact on the immune system. According to mounting data, the umbilical cord and adipose tissue may serve as appropriate sources for the isolation of MSCs. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), as novel stem cell sources with immune-regulatory effects, regenerative properties, and decreased antigenicity, can also be thought of as a new upcoming contender for MS treatment. Overall, the administration of stem cells in different sets of animal and clinical trials has shown immunomodulatory and neuroprotective results. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the different types of stem cells by focusing on MSCs and their mechanisms, which can be used to treat and improve the outcomes of MS disease.

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干细胞治疗多发性硬化症的最新进展

多发性硬化症（MS）是一种与中枢神经系统（CNS）相关的炎症性疾病，给全球带来了巨大的负担。在这种疾病中，免疫系统在其病理生理学和进展中发挥着重要作用。目前可用的治疗方法并不被认为是可治愈的选择，最多只能减缓多发性硬化症中枢神经系统损伤的进展。然而，干细胞治疗为治疗多发性硬化症提供了新途径。干细胞可以增强中枢神经系统的愈合并调节免疫反应。同样，干细胞可以来自多种来源，包括脂肪、神经元、骨髓和胚胎组织。选择干细胞治疗的最佳细胞来源仍然是一个困难的决定。一种称为间充质干细胞 (MSC) 的干细胞可从不同来源获得，对免疫系统具有强大的免疫调节作用。根据越来越多的数据，脐带和脂肪组织可以作为分离间充质干细胞的合适来源。人羊膜上皮细胞（hAEC）作为具有免疫调节作用、再生特性和抗原性降低的新型干细胞来源，也可以被认为是多发性硬化症治疗的新竞争者。总体而言，在不同组的动物和临床试验中使用干细胞已显示出免疫调节和神经保护的结果。因此，本综述旨在通过重点关注间充质干细胞及其机制来讨论不同类型的干细胞，以用于治疗和改善多发性硬化症的预后。